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arXiv:1806.09974 · Physical Review A

Nonlinear standing waves in an array of coherently coupled Bose-Einstein condensates

Christian Baals, Herwig Ott, Joachim Brand, Antonio Muñoz Mateo

Published Nov 1, 2018• 11 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The dynamics of an array of linearly coupled one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates is studied by a mean-field method, which reveals that the coupling leads to the system's evolution into a range of phase textures including Josephson vortices, vortex dipoles, half-dark solitons, and arrays of the like.
DOI
10.1103/physreva.98.053603

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We report on the direct observation of an oscillating atomic current in a one-dimensional array of Josephson junctions realized with an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. The array is created by a laser standing wave, with the condensates trapped in the valleys of the periodic potential and weakly coupled by the interwell barriers. The coherence of multiple tunneling between adjacent wells is continuously probed by atomic interference. The square of the small-amplitude oscillation frequency is proportional to the microscopic tunneling rate of each condensate through the barriers and provides a direct measurement of the Josephson critical current as a function of the intermediate barrier heights. Our superfluid array may allow investigation of phenomena so far inaccessible to superconducting Josephson junctions and lays a bridge between the condensate dynamics and the physics of discrete nonlinear media.
Spatiotemporal evolution of a confined Bose-Einstein condensate is studied by numerically integrating the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Self-interference between the successively expanding and reflecting nonlinear matter waves results in spiral atomic density profile, which subsequently degenerates into an embedding structure: The inner part preserves memory of the initial states while the outer part forms a sequence of necklacelike rings. The phase plot reveals a series of discrete concentric belts. The large gradients between adjacent belts indicate that the ring density notches are dark solitons. In the dynamical process, a scenario of vortex-antivortex pairs are spontaneously created and annihilated, whereas the total vorticity keeps invariant.
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