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arXiv:2010.08971 · Frontiers in Physics

Classical Limit of Quantum Mechanics for Damped Driven Oscillatory Systems: Quantum–Classical Correspondence

Jeong Ryeol Choi

Published Aug 3, 2021• 6 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The investigation of quantum–classical correspondence may lead to gaining a deeper understanding of the classical limit of quantum theory. I have developed a quantum formalism on the basis of a linear invariant theorem, which gives an exact quantum–classical correspondence for damped oscillatory systems perturbed by an arbitrary force. Within my formalism, the quantum trajectory and expectation values of quantum observables precisely coincide with their classical counterparts in the case where the global quantum constant ℏ has been removed from their quantum results. In particular, I have illustrated the correspondence of the quantum energy with the classical one in detail.

DOI
10.3389/fphy.2021.670750

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The investigation of quantum–classical correspondence may lead to gaining a deeper understanding of the classical limit of quantum theory. I have developed a quantum formalism on the basis of a linear invariant theorem, which gives an exact quantum–classical correspondence for damped oscillatory systems perturbed by an arbitrary force. Within my formalism, the quantum trajectory and expectation values of quantum observables precisely coincide with their classical counterparts in the case where the global quantum constant ℏ has been removed from their quantum results. In particular, I have illustrated the correspondence of the quantum energy with the classical one in detail.
In this thesis, a comparison between quantum and classical mechanics was made for two systems whose classical behaviour can be chaotic.The general correspondence between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics in the classical regime has always been assumed but never proved.Recent research in the field of quantum chaos has brought this assumption into question.For some systems, such as the kicked rotor in the classically chaotic regime, quantum mechanics does not display the classical behaviour of unbounded momentum.It has been suggested that quantum mechanics will fail to produce classical chaos for a broad range of simple systems.A comparison of quantum and classical mechanics was made using numerical simulations, without recourse to taking limits such as 7i going to zero.The two systems studied were a driven pendulum and a pair of pendula joined by a spring.The quantum and classical expectation values for a number of observables were computed, as were the probability distributions in phase space.For periodic motion of the driven pendulum it was found that the theories agreed well for times up to 150 driving periods.Similar agreement was found for initial conditions whose classical behaviour was chaotic, but only for times up to a few tens of driving periods.For longer times, it was found that the quantum system displayed a boundedness in position and/or momentum that was absent in the classical system.A possible explanation was given in terms of the quasienergy expansion.In the coupled-pendula system no such disagreements between the theories were found.I would like to thank Dr. Ballentine for his continued support during this project and his help in editing and revising this thesis.I would like to thank the members of my committee, Drs.Bechhoefer, Boa1 and Loss for their many suggestions.For many helpful discussions, I would like to thank Dominic Mimnagh and Jim Zibin.
The quantum dynamics of arbitrary NNN-level systems, including dissipative systems, are modeled exactly here by the dynamics of classical coupled oscillators. A one-to-one correspondence is established between the quantum states and the positions of the oscillators. Quantum coherence, expectation values, and measurement probabilities for system observables can therefore be realized from the corresponding classical states. Although the well-known equivalence [SU(2), SO(3) homomorphism] of two-level quantum dynamics to a rotation in real, physical space cannot be generalized to arbitrary NNN-level systems, the representation of quantum dynamics by a system of coupled harmonic oscillators in one physical dimension isisis general for any NNN. The time evolution of an NNN-level system [generated by a complex element of the SU(NNN) group], is first represented as the rotation of a real state vector in (unphysical) hyperspace, as previously known for density matrix states and also extended here to include Schr\"odinger states. The resulting rotor in nnn Euclidean dimensions [the rotation group SO(nnn)] is then mapped directly to nnn oscillators in one physical dimension, which significantly reduces the level of abstraction required to visualize quantum dynamics compared to vector models or generalized Bloch spheres in higher dimensions. The number of such oscillators needed to represent NNN-level systems scales as N2{N}^{2}N2 for the density matrix formalism but increases only linearly with NNN for Schr\"odinger states. Values for the classical coupling constants are readily derived from the system Hamiltonian, allowing construction of classical mechanical systems that provide insight into the dynamics of abstract quantum systems (new dynamical invariants) as well as a metric for characterizing the interface between quantum and classical mechanics. A distinctive attribute of the quantum-classical connection as presented here is the necessity for both positive and negative couplings and, in the case of dissipative systems, antisymmetric couplings.
Electromagnetic interactions of a single charged particle in the presence of damping are investigated theoretically in this work. Classically, by considering the explicit example of a particle in a constant magnetic field, it is shown that the minimal coupling prescription is inadequate for the infinitely large number of Hamiltonians from which the equations of motion in the presence of damping are derivable by Hamilton's equations. The use of minimal coupling procedure to switch on electromagnetic interactions in phenomenological quantum equations of damped motion is shown to lead to incorrect equations in the classical limit. It is necessary to consider the microscopic models of damping to allow for electromagnetic interactions in these systems. Two microscopic models for damping involving a linear coupling with a heat bath of oscillators are considered in detail and it is shown that correct Heisenberg equations of motion follow upon elimination of bath degrees of motion so that damping and Lorentz force do not affect each other. However, the field couples to the mechanical momentum as mv-(e/c)A rather than to the canonical momentum. The linearly coupled quantal case is analogous to the classical situation. The Schr\"odinger-Langevin equation contains an extra term Fr{\mathcal{F}}^{\mathrm{r}}Fr A\ensuremath{\cdot}dr'; however, the gauge invariance character and the Aharonov-Bohm effect are unaffected. Two nonlinear models of damping are studied by considering the exchange of bosons in the different states of the central particle. In this situation the Lorentz force is not recovered in the classical limit.