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arXiv:2010.08964

Photoassociation spectroscopy of weakly bound $^{87}Rb_{2}$ molecules near $5P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}$ threshold by optical Bragg scattering in Bose-Einstein condensates

Khan Sadiq Nawaz, Liangchao Chen, Chengdong Mi, Zengming Meng, Lianghui Huang, Pengjun Wang, Jing Zhang

Published Oct 18, 2020• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report the high resolution photoassociation (PA) spectroscopy of a $^{87}Rb$ Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to excited molecular states near the dissociation limit of $5P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}$ by optical Bragg scattering. Since the detection of optical Bragg scattering in BEC has a high signal-noise ratio, we obtain the high resolution PA spectrum of excited molecular states in the range of $\pm1$ GHz near the dissociation limit of $5P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}$. We compare the results with the conventional method of trap loss and show that the results agree each other very well. Many interesting phenomena of excited molecular states are observed, such as light-induced frequency shift and the anomalous strong bound molecular lines at the atomic transition from $|F=1\rangle$ to $|F^{\prime}=2\rangle$. The observed excited molecular states in the range of $\pm1$ GHz near the dissociation limit of $5P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}$ are never reported before, which will help to further improve the long range bound state models near the dissociation limit.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2010.08964

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Photoassociation spectroscopy of weakly bound 87Rb2^{87}Rb_{2}87Rb2​ molecules near 5P1/2+5S1/25P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}5P1/2​+5S1/2​ threshold by optical Bragg scattering in Bose-Einstein condensates
We report the high resolution photoassociation (PA) spectroscopy of a 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to excited molecular states near the dissociation limit of 5P1/2+5S1/25P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}5P1/2​+5S1/2​ by optical Bragg scattering. Since the detection of optical Bragg scattering in BEC has a high signal-noise ratio, we obtain the high resolution PA spectrum of excited molecular states in the range of ±1\pm1±1 GHz near the dissociation limit of 5P1/2+5S1/25P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}5P1/2​+5S1/2​. We compare the results with the conventional method of trap loss and show that the results agree each other very well. Many interesting phenomena of excited molecular states are observed, such as light-induced frequency shift and the anomalous strong bound molecular lines at the atomic transition from ∣F=1⟩|F=1\rangle∣F=1⟩ to ∣F′=2⟩|F^{\prime}=2\rangle∣F′=2⟩. The observed excited molecular states in the range of ±1\pm1±1 GHz near the dissociation limit of 5P1/2+5S1/25P_{1/2} +5S_{1/2}5P1/2​+5S1/2​ are never reported before, which will help to further improve the long range bound state models near the dissociation limit.
We report the high-resolution photoassociation (PA) spectroscopy of a 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to excited molecular states near the dissociation limit of 5P1/2+5S1/25{P}_{1/2}+5{S}_{1/2}5P1/2​+5S1/2​ by optical Bragg scattering. Since the detection of optical Bragg scattering in the BEC has a high signal-noise ratio, we obtain the high-resolution PA spectrum of excited molecular states in the range of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ GHz near the dissociation limit of 5P1/2+5S1/25{P}_{1/2}+5{S}_{1/2}5P1/2​+5S1/2​. We compare the results with the conventional method of trap loss and show that the results agree with each other very well. Many interesting phenomena of excited molecular states are observed, such as light-induced frequency shift and anomalous strong bound molecular lines at the atomic transition from $|F=1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ to $|{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2\ensuremath{\rangle}$. The observed excited molecular states in the range of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ GHz near the dissociation limit of 5P1/2+5S1/25{P}_{1/2}+5{S}_{1/2}5P1/2​+5S1/2​ should help to further improve long-range bound-state models near the dissociation limit.
We report on the high resolution photoassociation spectroscopy of a 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate to the 1g(P3∕2){1}_{g}({P}_{3∕2})1g​(P3∕2​) v=152v=152v=152 excited molecular states. We demonstrate the use of spin dependent photoassociation to experimentally identify the molecular states and their corresponding initial scattering channel. These identifications are in excellent agreement with the eigenvalues of a hyperfine-rotational Hamiltonian. Using the observed spectra we estimate the change in scattering length and identify photoassociation laser light frequency ranges that maximize the change in the spin-dependent mean-field interaction energy.
Photoassociation is the process in which two colliding atoms absorb a photon to form an excited molecule. The development of laser-cooling techniques for producing gases at ultracold (<1mK)(<1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK})(<1mK) temperatures allows photoassociation spectroscopy to be performed with very high spectral resolution. Of particular interest is the investigation of molecular states whose properties can be related, with high precision, to the properties of their constituent atoms with the ``complications'' of chemical binding accounted for by a few parameters. These include bound long-range or purely long-range vibrational states in which two atoms spend most or all of their time at large internuclear separations. Low-energy atomic scattering states also share this characteristic. Photoassociation techniques have made important contributions to the study of all of these. This review describes what is special about photoassociation spectroscopy at ultracold temperatures, how it is performed, and a sampling of results including the determination of scattering lengths, their control via optical Feshbach resonances, precision determinations of atomic lifetimes from molecular spectra, limits on photoassociation rates in a Bose-Einstein condensate, and briefly, production of cold molecules. Discussions are illustrated with examples on alkali-metal atoms as well as other species. Progress in the field is already past the point where this review can be exhaustive, but an introduction is provided on the capabilities of photoassociation spectroscopy and the techniques presently in use.
The rate of photoassociation (PA) determines how quickly molecules form from atoms illuminated by a resonant laser pulse. Knowledge of limits of this molecular formation rate provide a fundamental component on the maximum rate that a tightly bound ground state molecular Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) could be formed using a two-photon transition. This molecular synthesis represents the beginning of a new era of ultracold quantum chemistry. The available Feshbach resonance in this system is an indispensable tool to increase the molecular formation rate due to PA in the anticipation of revealing these fundamental rate limits. While the rate saturates in a thermal gas, no evidence of saturation has yet been observed in a BEC. A loss of atoms due to a PA pulse tuned to the v " = 83 excited state molecular vibrational level provides the measurement of the PA rate. The rate varies by several orders of magnitude either by tuning the magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance or by adjusting the PA intensity. We measure the PA rate at magnetic fields between 550-900 Gauss in a BEC and a thermal gas, which is near the Feshbach resonance at 736 Gauss. The rapidly changing rate near the Feshbach resonance reflects the overlap between the ground state and the excited state wavefunctions. We present the first quantitative measurement of the PA rate near a Feshbach resonance. We measure the magnetic field dependence of the molecular resonance position near the Feshbach resonance. We introduce the first observation of a positive energy shift associated with photoassociation. The measured energy shift asymptotically diverges as it approaches the Feshbach resonance and agrees qualitatively with described theory at all magnetic fields. We observe intensity dependent saturation in the PA rate in a thermal gas and the measurements qualitatively agree with a unitarity limited rate. The first conclusive evidence for a suppression of the PA rate occurs for intensities above the saturation intensity. We report the first observed saturation of the PA rate in a BEC. Three separate theories present possible mechanisms for the observed saturation.
We consider the process of photoassociation (PA) that occurs when a pair of colliding atoms interacts with a photon, thereby making a transition from the two-atom continuum to a bound molecular state. Such free-bound transitions are described by quantizing the molecule's dissociation continuum, and coupling each of these quasicontinuum (QC) levels to a similarly discrete molecular level. The correct free-atom results are recovered no later than at the end of a given calculation by taking the limit as the QC spacing tends to zero. From the quasicontinuum model, we are led to adapt the few-level and second-quantization methods of photon optics to analyze free-bound transitions. In particular, we establish the PA density parameter as nearly identical to the phase-space parameter as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), illustrate the near-unit efficiency of one- and two-color photoassociation of a BEC, and develop coherent atom-molecule transitions as the matter optics version of second-harmonic generated photons. ^
We study the states of Rb2{\mathrm{Rb}}_{2}Rb2​ that lie within 35 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of the 52S12+52P32{5}^{2}{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}+{5}^{2}{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}52S21​​+52P23​​ dissociation limit with photoassociation spectroscopy of laser-cooled Rb atoms. We observe the rotationally resolved bound levels of the novel ${0}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ "pure long-range" state, which has an inner turning point beyond 25 bohrs. We also identify levels belonging to 1g{1}_{g}1g​ and ${0}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ states and find that the ${0}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ levels are broadened by predissociation. With our new method, excited molecular states with a binding energy from less than 0.3 to more than 1000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ can be studied with a resolution better than 0.002 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.