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arXiv:2009.03357 · Physical Review A

Nonclassicality of bright Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger–like radiation of an optical parametric source

Konrad Schlichtholz, Bianka Wołoncewicz, Marek Żukowski

Published Apr 30, 2021• 4 citations
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Abstract

The authors study the generation of nonclassical light using an optical parametric source by developing a detailed higher-order theory for the bright emissions of triples of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger photons. The results could potentially be useful for estimating the influence of the higher-order emissions on certain quantum informational protocols.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.103.042226

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The authors study the generation of nonclassical light using an optical parametric source by developing a detailed higher-order theory for the bright emissions of triples of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger photons. The results could potentially be useful for estimating the influence of the higher-order emissions on certain quantum informational protocols.
This article is devoted to the generation and the quantum correlations of triple photons, which correspond to the creation of three highly correlated photons from the splitting of a single photon by a phase-matched third-order parametric nonlinear process. These triples constitute a Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state of light and are interesting from a fundamental point of view but also for new schemes of quantum cryptography. We give here the classical and quantum descriptions of triple photon generation, we report on the first experimental demonstration of such a generation, and we calculate the Wigner function of three-photon quantum states of light.
We theoretically demonstrate through numerical methods that the triple-photon state generated by three-photon spontaneous parametric down-conversion is a non-Gaussian Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, showing super-Gaussian statistics. Interestingly, the degree of entanglement between the modes of the triple-photon state is stronger than that corresponding to the two-mode squeezed vacuum state produced by a quadratic Hamiltonian with the same parameters. Furthermore, we propose a model to prepare two-mode sub-Gaussian entangled states with a tunable negative Wigner function based on quadrature projection measurements. We find that these Gaussian projection measurements with outcomes $X\ensuremath{\ge}1$ not only improve the entanglement of the residual two modes but also introduce a Gaussian component, resulting in the coexistence of Gaussian and non-Gaussian entanglement.
We conceived an optical generator leading to the production of 3×1013 triple photons per pulse with a full-width duration of 88ps at 1/e2, by using a third-order optical parametric interaction phase-matched in a KTP crystal and pumped at 532 nm. The triple photon generation is stimulated by two photons orthogonally polarized emitted by a homemade optical parametric oscillator emitting at 1665 nm. The energy generated at 1474 nm is well modelized by an analytical model based on Jacobi elliptic functions. These results open the way to new quantum measurement relative to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state of light.
Sources of highly nonclassical light are important building blocks of many proposed implementations of optical quantum technologies [1]. The most common realisations of nonclassical light sources are either based on two-level quantum emitters or on nonlinear sources of photon pairs and squeezed light [2] and are generally limited in the properties of the quantum states of light they can efficiently generate: single-photon states for two-level systems and squeezed states (with a Gaussian Wigner function) for nonlinear sources.