Some discrepancies between experimental results on quantum droplets made of a mixture of $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ atoms in different hyperfine states and their analysis within extended Gross-Pitaevskii theory (which incorporates beyond mean-field corrections) have been recently solved by introducing finite-range effects into the theory. Here we study the influence of these effects on the monopole and quadrupole excitation spectrum of extremely dilute quantum droplets using a density functional built from first-principles quantum Monte Carlo calculations, which can be easily introduced in the existing Gross-Pitaevskii numerical solvers. Our results show differences of up to $20%$ with those obtained within the extended Gross-Pitaevskii theory, likely providing another way to observe finite-range effects in mixed quantum droplets by measuring their lowest excitation frequencies.
Some discrepancies between experimental results on quantum droplets made of a mixture of 39K atoms in different hyperfine states and their analysis within extended Gross-Pitaevskii theory (which incorporates beyond mean-field corrections) have been recently solved by introducing finite-range effects into the theory. Here we study the influence of these effects on the monopole and quadrupole excitation spectrum of extremely dilute quantum droplets using a density functional built from first-principles quantum Monte Carlo calculations, which can be easily introduced in the existing Gross-Pitaevskii numerical solvers. Our results show differences of up to 20 with those obtained within the extended Gross-Pitaevskii theory, likely providing another way to observe finite-range effects in mixed quantum droplets by measuring their lowest excitation frequencies.
In the first experimental realization of dilute Bose–Bose liquid drops using two hyperfine states of 39K some discrepancies between theory and experiment were observed. The standard analysis of the data using the Lee–Huang–Yang beyond mean-field theory predicted critical numbers which were significantly off the experimental measurements. Also, the radial size of the drops in the experiment proved to be larger than expected from this theory. Using a new functional, which is based on quantum Monte Carlo results of the bulk phase incorporating finite-range effects, we can explain the origin of the discrepancies in the critical number. This result proves the necessity of including finite-range corrections to deal with the observed properties in this setup. The controversy on the radial size is reasoned in terms of the departure from the optimal concentration ratio between the two species of the mixture.
We investigate the lowest excitation modes of binary 39K ultradilute droplets confined harmonically in one direction, which reduces the critical number of particles needed to sustain a self-bound state. Using the density functional built from first-principles quantum Monte Carlo calculations (QMC), which incorporates the effects of finite range interactions, we study the crossover of the oscillation modes from three to two dimensions. For weak squeezing, we observe the coupling between breathing and quadrupole modes, resulting from the breaking of spherical symmetry. Increasing the squeezing, the higher-frequency mode corresponding to three-dimensional breathing mode becomes unstable. For squeezings stronger and comparable to experiments, we analyze the dependence of the excitation modes on the droplet size for several interactions and show the reduction of the number of particles needed to sustain stable oscillations. The differences between the results obtained with the QMC functional and the extended Gross-Pitaevskii theory are increased with respect to the case of previously studied spherical droplets.
Abstract In the first experimental realization of dilute Bose–Bose liquid drops using two hyperfine states of 39K some discrepancies between theory and experiment were observed. The standard analysis of the data using the Lee–Huang–Yang beyond mean-field theory predicted critical numbers which were significantly off the experimental measurements. Also, the radial size of the drops in the experiment proved to be larger than expected from this theory. Using a new functional, which is based on quantum Monte Carlo results of the bulk phase incorporating finite-range effects, we can explain the origin of the discrepancies in the critical number. This result proves the necessity of including finite-range corrections to deal with the observed properties in this setup. The controversy on the radial size is reasoned in terms of the departure from the optimal concentration ratio between the two species of the mixture.
In quantum droplets, the mean-field energy is comparable to the Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) energy. In the Bogoliubov theory, the LHY energy of the quantum droplet has an imaginary part, but it is neglected for practical purposes. So far, most theoretical studies of quantum droplets have been based on the extended Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation obtained by adding the LHY energy to the GP equation. In this article, we present the density-functional theory of quantum droplets. In our approach, the quantum fluctuations in quantum droplets, as described by an effective action, generate the correlation energy which is real and can be determined self-consistently. Using the density-functional theory, we calculate higher-order corrections to the energy, the quantum depletion fraction, and the excitations of the droplet. Our results for the ground-state energy and the quantum depletion fraction are compared with the Monte Carlo results and good agreement is found. The implications of our theory are discussed.
Abstract In quantum droplets, the mean-field energy is comparable to the Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) energy. In the Bogoliubov theory, the LHY energy of a quantum droplet has an imaginary part, which has been neglected in most studies for practical purposes. Thus far, most theoretical studies on quantum droplets have been based on the extended Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation, which includes the contribution of the LHY energy to the chemical potential. In this article, we present the density-functional theory of quantum droplets. In our approach, the quantum fluctuations in quantum droplets, as described by an effective action, generate a real correlation energy that can be determined consistently. Using density-functional theory, we calculated the energy, quantum depletion fraction, and excitations of the droplet. Our results for the ground-state energy and quantum depletion fractions were consistent with the Monte Carlo results. We also discuss the implications of our theory.
The properties of mixtures of Bose-Einstein condensates at T=0 have been investigated using quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods and Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the aim of understanding physics beyond the mean-field theory in Bose-Bose mixtures. In particular, quantum liquid droplets with attractive intraspecies and repulsive interspecies attraction were studied, for which we observed significant contributions beyond Lee Huang Yang (LHY) theory that affect the energy, saturation density, and surface tension. The critical atom number in droplets in free space for total number of atoms N between N=30 and N=2000 was obtained. Results of the surface tension for three values of the attractive interspecies interactions are presented. For a homogeneous system, extensive calculations of the equations of state were performed and we report the influence of finite-range effects in beyond-Bogoliubov theory. In systems interacting with a small (large) effective range, we observe repulsive (attractive) beyond-LHY contributions to the energy. For the droplets in a mixture of 39K atoms, which were observed experimentally for the first time, the calculations of equations of state were performed. Combining QMC-built functionals with DFT, the discrepancy in the estimation of critical atom number between the mean-field theory and experimental results was explained by the proper inclusion of the effective range in inter-particle interaction models. The influence of finite-range effects on breathing and quadrupole modes in 39K quantum droplets was investigated. We predicted a significant deviation in the excitation frequencies when entering a more correlated regime. Finally, the phase diagram of repulsive Bose-Bose mixtures in a spherical harmonic trap using Quantum Monte Carlo calculations was studied. Density profiles were obtained reported and we found the occurrence of three phases: separation of condensates in two blobs, fully mixed and shell-separated phase. A comparison with the Gross-Pitaevskii solutions showed a large deviation in the regime of large mass imbalance and strong interactions. We showed the universality in the density profiles with respect to the s-wave scattering length and found numerical evidence for Gross-Pitaevskii scaling present beyond the regime of applicability of Gross-Pitaevskii equations. Hemos investigado las propiedades de las mezclas de condensados de Bose-Einstein en el límite de temperatura cero. Para ello hemos usado métodos cuánticos de Monte Carlo (QMC) y la teoría del funcional de la densidad (DFT) con el objetivo de comprender la física más allá de la teoría del campo medio en las mezclas bosónicas. En particular, se estudiaron las gotas de líquido cuántico originadas con interacciones atractivas entre especies distinats y repulsivas entre especies iguales. Observamos contribuciones significativas más allá de la teoría de Lee Huang Yang (LHY) que afectan a la energía, la densidad de saturación y la tensión superficial. Calculamos el número crítico de átomos en gotitas en el espacio libre para un número total de átomos N entre N = 30 y N = 2000. Obtuvimos resultados de la tensión superficial para tres valores de las interacciones atractivas entre especies. Para un sistema homogéneo, se realizaron cálculos extensos de las ecuaciones de estado y reportamos la influencia de los efectos de rango finito en la teoría, más allá de Bogoliubov. En sistemas que interactúan con un rango efectivo pequeño (grande), observamos contribuciones repulsivas (atractivas) a la energia más allá de LHY. Para las gotitas en una mezcla de 39K átomos, que se observaron experimentalmente por primera vez en ICFO, se realizaron los cálculos de ecuaciones de estado. Combinando funciones obtenidas de QMC con DFT, explicamos la discrepancia en la estimación del número crítico de átomos, entre la teoría de campo medio y los resultados experimentales, mediante la inclusión adecuada del rango efectivo en los modelos de interacción entre partículas. Se investigó la influencia de los efectos de rango finito en los modos monopolar y cuadrupolar en gotas cuánticas de 39K. Predijimos una desviación significativa en las frecuencias de excitación al entrar en un régimen más correlacionado. Finalmente, se estudió el diagrama de fase de mezclas bosóncas repulsivas en una trampa armónica esférica utilizando cálculos de Quantum Monte Carlo. Se obtuvieron los perfiles de densidad y se probó la existencia de tres fases: separación de condensados en dos lóbulos, una fase completamente mezclada y una fase separada con capas esféricas. Una comparación con las soluciones de Gross-Pitaevskii mostró una gran desviación en el régimen de gran desequilibrio de masas e interacciones fuertes. Finalmente, mostramos la presencia de universalidad en los perfiles de densidad, con respecto a la longitud de dispersión en onda S, y encontramos evidencia numérica del factor de escala de Gross-Pitaevskii más allá del régimen de aplicabilidad de las propias ecuaciones de Gross-Pitaevskii. Ultrahladne atomske mješavine istražene ab-initio kvantnom Monte Carlo metodom. Svojstva smjesa Bose-Einsteinovih kondenzata pri T = 0 istražena su korištenjem metoda kvantnog Monte Carla (QMC) i teorije funkcionala gustoće (DFT) s ciljem proučavanja fizike izvan teorije srednjeg polja u bozonskim mješavinama. Proučili smo kvantne kapljice s jednakim i odbojnim interakcijama između atoma istovrsne komponente te privlačnim interakcijama atoma različitih komponenti u interakciji i opazili smo značajne doprinose povrh Lee Huang Yang (LHY) teorije koji utječu na energiju, saturacijsku gustoću i površinsku napetost. Odredili smo kritični broj atoma za kapljice u slobodnom prostoru za broj atoma u kapljici N između N = 30 i N = 2000. Izračunali smo površinsku napetost za tri vrijednosti privlačnih međuatomskih interakcija. Izvršili smo opsežne proračune jednadžbi stanja iznimno rijetke tekućine bozonske mješavine i uočili utjecaj efekata konačnog dosega koji nije predviđen Bogoliubovljevom teorijom. U sustavima koji interagiraju s malim (velikim) efektivnim dosegom, opaženi su odbojni (privlačni) doprinosi koje ne predviđa LHY teorija. Izračunali smo jednadžbe stanja za kapljice bozonskih mješavina koje su po prvi put eksperimentalno uočene u smjesi 39K atoma. Kombinirajući funkcionale gustoće izgrađene pomoću kvantnog Monte Carla s DFT-om, neslaganje u procjeni kritičnog broja atoma između teorije srednjeg polja i eksperimentalnih rezultata je objašnjeno preko pravilnog uključivanja efektivnog dosega u modele međudjelovanja čestica. Istražen je utjecaj efektivnog dosega na pobuđenja kapljice 39K, i to na mod disanja i kvadrupolni mod. Dobiveni rezultati prikazuju značajno odstupanje frekvencija pobude pri ulasku u korelirani režim. Detaljno smo proučili fazni dijagram odbojnih Bose-Bose mješavina u sfernoj harmonijskoj zamci koristeći kvantne Monte Carlo račune. Dobiveni su profili gustoće koji pokazuju pojavu tri faze: separacija kondenzata u dvije nakupine, potpuno miješanje i separacije u obliku ljuske. Usporedba s riješenjima Gross-Pitaevskii jednadžbi pokazuje veliko odstupanje u režimu velike masene neravnoteže i jakih interakcija. Pokazali smo univerzalnost profila gustoće s obzirom na s-valnu duljinu raspršenja te postojanje Gross-Pitaevskii skaliranja prisutnog izvan dosega primjenjivosti Gross-Pitaevskii jednadžbi.