It has been found that a model of extended electrons is more suited to describe theoretical simulations and experimental results obtained via scanning tunnelling microscopes, but while the dynamic properties are easily incorporated, magnetic properties, and in particular electron spin properties pose a problem due to their conceived isotropy in the absence of measurement. The spin of an electron reacts with a magnetic field and thus has the properties of a vector. However, electron spin is also isotropic, suggesting that it does not have the properties of a vector. This central conflict in the description of an electron’s spin, we believe, is the root of many of the paradoxical properties measured and postulated for quantum spin particles. Exploiting a model in which the electron spin is described consistently in real three-dimensional space–an extended electron model–we demonstrate that spin may be described by a vector and still maintain its isotropy. In this framework, we re-evaluate the Stern–Gerlach experiments, the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiments, and the effect of consecutive measurements and find in all cases a fairly intuitive explanation.It has been found that a model of extended electrons is more suited to describe theoretical simulations and experimental results obtained via scanning tunnelling microscopes, but while the dynamic properties are easily incorporated, magnetic properties, and in particular electron spin properties pose a problem due to their conceived isotropy in the absence of measurement. The spin of an electron reacts with a magnetic field and thus has the properties of a vector. However, electron spin is also isotropic, suggesting that it does not have the properties of a vector. This central conflict in the description of an electron’s spin, we believe, is the root of many of the paradoxical properties measured and postulated for quantum spin particles. Exploiting a model in which the electron spin is described consistently in real three-dimensional space–an extended electron model–we demonstrate that spin may be described by a vector and still maintain its isotropy. In this framework, we re-evaluate the Stern–Gerlach experiments, the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiments, and the effect of consecutive measurements and find in all cases a fairly intuitive explanation.

arXiv:1703.08076Frontiers of PhysicsMar 17, 201711 citations

The Problem of the Electron Spin within a Magnetic Field

IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS eBooksJul 7, 20150 citations

Vibration-induced field fluctuations in a superconducting magnet

J. Britton, Justin Bohnet, Brian C. Sawyer +3 more

Superconducting magnets enable precise control of nuclear and electron spins, and are used in experiments that explore biological and condensed-matter systems, and fundamental atomic particles. In high-precision applications, a common view is that slow $(<1\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz})$ drift of the homogeneous magnetic-field limits control and measurement precision. We report on previously undocumented higher-frequency field noise (10--200 Hz) that limits the coherence time of $^{9}\text{Be}^{+}$ electron-spin qubits in the $4.46\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}$ field of a superconducting magnet. We measure a spin-echo ${T}_{2}$ coherence time of $\ensuremath{\sim}6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{ms}$ for the $^{9}\text{Be}^{+}$ electron-spin resonance at $124\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{GHz}$ , limited by part-per-billion fractional fluctuations in the magnet's homogeneous field. Vibration isolation of the magnet improved ${T}_{2}$ to $\ensuremath{\sim}50$ ms.Superconducting magnets enable precise control of nuclear and electron spins, and are used in experiments that explore biological and condensed-matter systems, and fundamental atomic particles. In high-precision applications, a common view is that slow $(<1\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz})$ drift of the homogeneous magnetic-field limits control and measurement precision. We report on previously undocumented higher-frequency field noise (10--200 Hz) that limits the coherence time of $^{9}\text{Be}^{+}$ electron-spin qubits in the $4.46\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}$ field of a superconducting magnet. We measure a spin-echo ${T}_{2}$ coherence time of $\ensuremath{\sim}6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{ms}$ for the $^{9}\text{Be}^{+}$ electron-spin resonance at $124\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{GHz}$, limited by part-per-billion fractional fluctuations in the magnet's homogeneous field. Vibration isolation of the magnet improved ${T}_{2}$ to $\ensuremath{\sim}50$ ms.

arXiv:1512.00801Physical Review AJun 27, 201620 citations

Electron Spin and the Exclusion Principle

IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS eBooksOct 1, 20090 citations

Field and Charge Measurements in Quantum Theory

Niels BohrJan 1, 199617 citations

(<1\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz})

drift of the homogeneous magnetic-field limits control and measurement precision. We report on previously undocumented higher-frequency field noise (10--200 Hz) that limits the coherence time of

^{9}\text{Be}^{+}

electron-spin qubits in the $4.46\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}$ field of a superconducting magnet. We measure a spin-echo

{T}_{2}

coherence time of $\ensuremath{\sim}6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{ms}$ for the

^{9}\text{Be}^{+}

electron-spin resonance at

124\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{GHz}

, limited by part-per-billion fractional fluctuations in the magnet's homogeneous field. Vibration isolation of the magnet improved

{T}_{2}

to $\ensuremath{\sim}50$ ms.