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arXiv:2006.16724 · Physical Review Applied

Vector Electrometry in a Wide-Gap-Semiconductor Device Using a Spin-Ensemble Quantum Sensor

Bang Yang, Takuya Murooka, Kosuke Mizuno, Kwangsoo Kim, Hiromitsu Kato, Toshiharu Makino, Masahiko Ogura, Satoshi Yamasaki, Marek E. Schmidt, Hiroshi Mizuta, Amir Yacoby, Mutsuko Hatano, Takayuki Iwasaki

Published Oct 27, 2020• 31 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond work as a quantum electrometer. Using an ensemble state of N-V centers, we propose vector electrometry and demonstrate measurements in a diamond electronic device. A transverse electric field applied to the N-V axis under a high voltage is measured, while applying a transverse magnetic field. The response of the energy-level shift against the electric field is significantly enhanced compared with that against an axial magnetic field. Repeating the measurement of the transverse electric field for multiple N-V axes, we obtain the components of the electric field generated in the device.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.14.044049

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arXiv:1802.08767•Feb 23, 2018•1 citation
Nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond work as a quantum electrometer. Using an ensemble state of N-V centers, we propose vector electrometry and demonstrate measurements in a diamond electronic device. A transverse electric field applied to the N-V axis under a high voltage is measured, while applying a transverse magnetic field. The response of the energy-level shift against the electric field is significantly enhanced compared with that against an axial magnetic field. Repeating the measurement of the transverse electric field for multiple N-V axes, we obtain the components of the electric field generated in the device.
Sensing vector magnetic fields is important to many applications in fundamental physics, bioimaging, and materials science. Sensors exploiting nitrogen-vacancy (N-VVV) centers typically interrogate N-VVV ensembles oriented in all directions, thwarting nanoscale spatial resolution. Utilizing the level anticrossing in the triplet ground state, the authors demonstrate a $m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}w\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\ensuremath{-}f\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e$ vector magnetometer that simultaneously measures all Cartesian components of the field, offering wide-band operation and high, equal sensitivity in all directions. This technique may work for single N-VVV centers as well as ensembles, extending vector measurements to the nanoscale, at ambient temperatures.
Diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are widely studied for quantum sensing in multiple physical fields due to their long coherence time and room-temperature optical readout. However, accurately decoupling and extracting signals for individual fields from fluorescence remains a major challenge. In this work, by establishing the spatial configuration between the four axes of the NV center and the directions of the externally applied electric and magnetic fields, the resonance frequency shifts of two pairs in the ODMR spectrum are exclusively induced by the electric field, whereas those of the other two pairs are exclusively induced by the magnetic field. Consequently, effective decoupling and readout of the electric field signal are realized. The experiments measure electric fields from 0 to 20 kV/cm in the diamond sample, revealing a linear relationship between the resonance frequency shift and the applied electric field, with coefficients 0.1713MHz/(kV/cm) and 0.1660MHz/(kV/cm) matching the NV center’s linear Stark effect, laying the foundation for subsequent research on electric field measurement.
We report measurements of optically detected magnetic resonance spectra of ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamonds in the presence of electromagnetic fields. To reduce inhomogeneous broadening, the spectra are acquired from a region of 20 cubic microns in a CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition) diamond through a confocal microscope. The Stark shift from transverse electric fields is enhanced at avoided crossings between the hyperfine levels that arise from interaction with 14N(I = 1) nuclei in the diamond lattice. As expected from previous reports, the Stark shift of the spectral lines is stronger when there is no magnetic field along the NV axis. The shift is also strong, but for different transitions, at a field of about 100 uT.
An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is an attractive device to detect small magnetic fields. In particular, by exploiting the fact that the NV center can be aligned along one of four different axes due to ${C}_{3\ensuremath{\nu}}$ symmetry, it is possible to extract information concerning vector magnetic fields. However, in the conventional scheme, low readout contrasts of the NV centers significantly decrease the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing. Here, we propose a way to improve the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing of the NV centers using multifrequency control. Since the Zeeman energy of the NV centers depends on the direction of the axis, we can independently control the four types of NV centers using microwave pulses with different frequencies. This allows us to use every NV center for the vector field detection in parallel, which effectively increases the readout contrast. Our results pave the way to realize a practical diamond-based vector field sensor.
Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (N-VVV) centers in diamond show promise as versatile electric field sensors, but are limited by noise from an inhomogeneous internal charge environment. Here researchers develop a scheme for optically enhanced electrometry that improves N-VVV sensitivity to external electric fields, especially at low temperatures. They also implement a complementary method for experimentally extracting the color center's excited-state electric field susceptibilities, and they provide a simple scaling theory for optimizing the density of N-VVV defects in electrometry applications.
We report measurements of optically detected magnetic resonance spectra of ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds in the presence of strain and DC external electric fields. The Stark shift of the spectral lines is stronger when the axial magnetic field along the NV centers quantization axis is minimized. The shift is also enhanced at avoided crossings between the hyperfine levels at an axial field of 77 uT. Since the intrinsic strain in the diamond also induces a Stark shift, we are able to calculate the magnitude and direction of the strain within the crystal. We also use the Stark effect to map the electric field in the diamond volume between patterned electrodes.