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arXiv:2003.07693 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Features of magnetically-induced atomic transitions of the Rb D 1 line studied by a Doppler-free method based on the second derivative of the absorption spectra

Armen D. Sargsyan, A. Amiryan, Emmanuel Klinger, David G. Sarkisyan

Published Jun 22, 2020• 8 citations
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Abstract

Abstract In this paper we show that the second derivative (SD) technique of the absorption spectra of Rb atomic vapours, confined in a nanocell with a thickness ℓ = λ /2 = 398 nm, allows us to achieve close to Doppler-free spectroscopy. The narrow linewidth and linearity of the SD signal response with respect to transition probabilities allows us to study separately, in an external transverse magnetic field (0.6 to 4 kG), a large number of the atomic transitions of 85 Rb and 87 Rb atoms. Atomic transitions | F g , 0⟩ → | F e = F g , 0′⟩, for which the dipole moment is null in a zero magnetic field (so-called magnetically-induced transitions), show a gigantic increase in probability with an increasing magnetic field. When a magnetic field is applied to the vapour, we show the possibility of forming a dark resonance on these transitions by adding a coupling laser. We are therefore able to demonstrate a five-fold increase in the transmission of the probe radiation when the coupling laser is on. Theoretical calculations are in very good agreement with the experimental results.

DOI
10.1088/1361-6455/ab9f0a

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Abstract In this paper we show that the second derivative (SD) technique of the absorption spectra of Rb atomic vapours, confined in a nanocell with a thickness ℓ = λ /2 = 398 nm, allows us to achieve close to Doppler-free spectroscopy. The narrow linewidth and linearity of the SD signal response with respect to transition probabilities allows us to study separately, in an external transverse magnetic field (0.6 to 4 kG), a large number of the atomic transitions of 85 Rb and 87 Rb atoms. Atomic transitions | F g , 0⟩ → | F e = F g , 0′⟩, for which the dipole moment is null in a zero magnetic field (so-called magnetically-induced transitions), show a gigantic increase in probability with an increasing magnetic field. When a magnetic field is applied to the vapour, we show the possibility of forming a dark resonance on these transitions by adding a coupling laser. We are therefore able to demonstrate a five-fold increase in the transmission of the probe radiation when the coupling laser is on. Theoretical calculations are in very good agreement with the experimental results.
Atomic transitions of 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes in a strong transverse magnetic field with induction of up to 7 kG have been studied experimentally. High spectral resolution is achieved owing to the application of the linear Doppler-free spectroscopy method to a nanometric thin cell with the thickness of L = λ/2 = 390 nm, where λ is the wavelength of laser emission tuned to the resonance with the Rb D 2-line (λ/2-method). It has been observed that the number of atomic transitions in the transmission spectrum of linearly polarized (π) radiation decreases from 64 down to 20 transitions as the field strength increases above B > 5 kG. Four atomic transitions (two of 85Rb and two of 87Rb), which are forbidden in the absence of magnetic field, acquire significant strength in the strong magnetic field. Experimental results are in a good agreement with theory. Several practical applications of alkali-vapor-filled nanometric thin cells have been proposed.
Two types of magnetically induced transitions (MI transitions) in cesium atoms have been studied experimentally and theoretically. In the absence of a magnetic field MI, transitions are forbidden. As the magnetic field increases, the probabilities of MI transitions grow rapidly and can exceed the probabilities of transitions allowed in the absence of a magnetic field. The asymptotic behavior of the probabilities of MI transitions in strong magnetic fields is different. In the case of magnetically-induced transitions of the first type (MI1), with an increase in the applied magnetic field, the probability of these transitions increases enormously, and with a further increase in the magnetic field, the probabilities of these transitions tend to a constant value. In the case of magnetically induced transitions of the second type (MI2), with an increase in the applied magnetic field, there is also a giant increase in the probability of these transitions; however, with a further increase in the field, the probabilities of these transitions again tend to zero. It is shown that measuring the second derivative (SD) of the absorption spectra of Cs vapors enclosed in a nanocell with a thickness of L = 426 nm, corresponding to half the wavelength of the D2 line of cesium λ = 852 nm, allows one to perform Doppler-free spectroscopy. The small width of atomic lines and the linearity of the SD signal response in accordance with the transition probabilities make it possible to study individual atomic transitions in an external transverse magnetic field with an inductance of 0.5 to 5.3 kG. In particular, four MI transitions were investigated: two MI1 and two MI2. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results
Abstract Two types of magnetically induced (MI) transitions in cesium atoms were studied experimentally and theoretically. The MI transitions are forbidden in the absence of magnetic field. Probabilities of MI transitions rapidly grow with increase in magnetic field and can exceed those of transitions allowed in the absence of magnetic field. Asymptotic behavior of probabilities of MI transitions in strong magnetic fields is different. In the case of magnetically induced transitions of the first type (MI1), transition probabilities experience giant increase with increase in the applied magnetic field, and with a further increase of the magnetic field, the probabilities of these transitions tend to asymptotic large value. Probabilities of magnetically induced transitions of the second type (MI2) also experience giant increase with increase in the applied magnetic field. However, probabilities of such transitions tend to zero again with further increase in the magnetic field. It is demonstrated that measurement of the second derivative (SD) of absorption spectra of Cs vapor contained in a nanocell with thickness L = 426 nm corresponding to half the wavelength of the D2 line of cesium (λ = 852 nm) enables conducting Doppler-free spectroscopy. Narrow width of atomic lines and linear relation between the SD signal amplitudes and transition probabilities allows studying individual atomic transitions in an external transverse magnetic field with induction varying from 0.5 to 5.3 kG. In particular, four MI transitions were studied: two MI1 and two MI2 ones. Theoretical calculations agree well with the experimental results.
It has been experimentally demonstrated that the use of the effect of significant narrowing of the fluorescence spectrum from a nanocell that contains a column of atomic Rb vapor with a thickness of L = 0.5λ (where λ = 794 nm is the wavelength of laser radiation, whose frequency is resonant with the atomic transition of the D 1 line of Rb) and the application of narrowband diode lasers allow the spectral separation and investigation of changes in probabilities of optical atomic transitions between levels of the hyperfine structure of the D 1 line of 87Rb and 85Rb atoms in external magnetic fields of 10–2500 Gs (for example, for one of transitions, the probability increases ∼17 times). Small column thicknesses (∼390 nm) allow the application of permanent magnets, which facilitates significantly the creation of strong magnetic fields. Experimental results are in a good agreement with the theoretical values. The advantages of this method over other existing methods are noted. The results obtained show that a magnetometer with a local spatial resolution of ∼390 nm can be created based on a nanocell with the column thickness L = 0.5λ. This result is important for mapping strongly inhomogeneous magnetic fields.
We propose a technique which we call “ L = λ Zeeman technique” (LZT) for investigation of the transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of the hfs structure of alkali metal atoms in external magnetic fields. The technique is based on the employment of a nanocell with the thickness of the Rb atom vapor column equal to the wavelength of the laser radiation, 780 nm, resonant with the atomic rubidium D 2 transition. At the laser intensities of about 1 mW/cm 2 in the transmission spectrum of the nanocell narrow (∼ 30 MHz) resonant peaks of reduced absorption appear localized exactly on the atomic transitions. In magnetic fields these peaks are split and their amplitudes and frequency positions depend on the magnetic field strength. The theoretical model well describes the experimental results.
Abstract Magnetically induced Fg = 2 → Fe = 4 transitions corresponding to the 85Rb D2 line in the case of the σ+ circularly polarized radiation have been used for the first time to form optical dark resonances in strong magnetic fields up to 1 kG under electromagnetically induced transparency conditions. A 1.5-μm-thick cell filled with Rb atomic vapor has been used. The probabilities of two of five magnetically induced transitions, which are efficiently formed only with the σ+-polarized radiation, in the magnetic field range of 0.2–1 kG exceed the probabilities of “ordinary” atomic transitions. For this reason, it is appropriate to use them in Λ systems for the formation of the dark resonance. The following rule has been established: for the formation of the dark resonance in a Λ system with the use of the σ+-polarized probe radiation at the frequencies of magnetically induced transitions, the radiation of the coupling laser should also be σ+ polarized; the dark resonance is not formed if the radiation of the coupling laser is σ– polarized, which is confirmed by the calculated theoretical curve. A significant advantage of magnetically induced resonances for electromagnetically induced transparency compared to ordinary atomic transitions corresponding to the 85Rb D2 line has been demonstrated. The formation of dark resonances in strong magnetic fields, when their frequency is shifted by several gigahertzs, can be applied in practice.