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arXiv:2003.06921 · Ukrainian Journal of Physics

Projected Gross–Pitaevskii Equation for Ring-Shaped Bose–Einstein Condensates

O. O. Prikhodko, Y. M. Bidasyuk

Published Apr 7, 2021• 3 citations
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Abstract

We propose an alternative implementation of the projected Gross–Pitaevskki equation adapted for a numerical modeling of the atomic Bose–Einstein condensate trapped in a toroidally shaped potential. We present an accurate efficient scheme to evaluate the required matrix elements and to calculate tthe ime evolution of the matter wave field. We analyze the stability and accuracy of the developed method for equilibrium and nonequilibrium solutions in a ring-shaped trap with an additional barrier potential corresponding to recent experimental realizations.

DOI
10.15407/ujpe66.3.198

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We propose an alternative implementation of the projected Gross–Pitaevskki equation adapted for a numerical modeling of the atomic Bose–Einstein condensate trapped in a toroidally shaped potential. We present an accurate efficient scheme to evaluate the required matrix elements and to calculate tthe ime evolution of the matter wave field. We analyze the stability and accuracy of the developed method for equilibrium and nonequilibrium solutions in a ring-shaped trap with an additional barrier potential corresponding to recent experimental realizations.
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In this paper we describe a method for evolving the projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation (PGPE) for a Bose gas in a harmonic oscillator potential. The central difficulty in solving this equation is the requirement that the classical field is restricted to a small set of prescribed modes that constitute the low energy classical region of the system. We present a scheme, using a Hermite-polynomial based spectral representation, that precisely implements this mode restriction and allows an efficient and accurate solution of the PGPE. We show equilibrium and nonequilibrium results from the application of the PGPE to an anisotropic trapped three-dimensional Bose gas.
We extend the projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation formalism of Davis et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 160402 (2001)] to the experimentally relevant case of thermal Bose gases in harmonic potentials and outline a robust and accurate numerical scheme that can efficiently simulate this system. We apply this method to investigate the equilibrium properties of the harmonically trapped three-dimensional projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation at finite temperature and consider the dependence of condensate fraction, position, and momentum distributions and density fluctuations on temperature. We apply the scheme to simulate an evaporative cooling process in which the preferential removal of high-energy particles leads to the growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate. We show that a condensate fraction can be inferred during the dynamics even in this nonequilibrium situation.
We present the application of a fast, explicit time-marching scheme for the solution of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in cylindrical geometry. The scheme is validated on simple analytical tests and demonstrated for two situations of physical interest in experiments on the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of trapped alkali-metal vapors. It is tested by reproducing known results on the free expansion of a BEC after removing a cylindrical trap, and it is then used to address the formation of matter-wave pulses that result from gravity-induced transport of a condensate in an optical potential.
We systematically construct stationary soliton states in a one-component, two-dimensional, repulsive, Gross-Pitaevskii equation with a ring-shaped targetlike trap similar to the potential used to confine a Bose-Einstein condensate in a recent experiment [R. Mathew, A. Kumar, S. Eckel, F. Jendrzejewski, G. K. Campbell, M. Edwards, and E. Tiesinga, Phys. Rev. A 92, 033602 (2015)]. In addition to the ground-state configuration, we identify a wide variety of excited states involving phase jumps (and associated dark solitons) inside the ring. These configurations are obtained from a systematic bifurcation analysis starting from the linear, small atom density, limit. We study the stability and, when unstable, the dynamics of the most basic configurations. Often these lead to vortical dynamics inside the ring persisting over long time scales in our numerical experiments. To illustrate the relevance of the identified states, we showcase how such dark-soliton configurations (even the unstable ones) can be created in laboratory condensates by using phase-imprinting techniques.
We propose a numerical scheme for obtaining the stationary vortex-ring solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation for an axisymmetrically trapped Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC). The effective energy functional and the associated GP equation are derived by assuming a trial phase profile for the wavefunction that is subject to the condition of circulation quantization on the rz plane. The wavefunction of the vortex ring is determined by solving the ground state of the effective GP equation numerically. Application of our method to the formation of a three-dimensional Skyrmion in a trapped two-component BEC is demonstrated.