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arXiv:2003.03520 · Advanced Quantum Technologies

Ion Transport and Reordering in a 2D Trap Array

Yong Wan, Robert Jördens, Stephen D. Erickson, Jenny J. Wu, Ryan Bowler, Ting Rei Tan, Pan‐Yu Hou, David J. Wineland, Andrew C. Wilson, Dietrich Leibfried

Published May 19, 2020• 21 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Scaling quantum information processors is a challenging task, requiring manipulation of a large number of qubits with high fidelity and a high degree of connectivity. For trapped ions, this can be realized in a 2D array of interconnected traps in which ions are separated, transported, and recombined to carry out quantum operations on small subsets of ions. Here, functionality of a junction connecting orthogonal linear segments in a 2D trap array to reorder a two-ion crystal is demonstrated. The secular motion of the ions experiences low energy gain and the internal qubit levels maintain coherence during the reordering process, therefore demonstrating a promising method for providing all-to-all connectivity in a large-scale, 2D or 3D trapped-ion quantum information processor.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202000028

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Scaling quantum information processors is a challenging task, requiring manipulation of a large number of qubits with high fidelity and a high degree of connectivity. For trapped ions, this can be realized in a 2D array of interconnected traps in which ions are separated, transported, and recombined to carry out quantum operations on small subsets of ions. Here, functionality of a junction connecting orthogonal linear segments in a 2D trap array to reorder a two-ion crystal is demonstrated. The secular motion of the ions experiences low energy gain and the internal qubit levels maintain coherence during the reordering process, therefore demonstrating a promising method for providing all-to-all connectivity in a large-scale, 2D or 3D trapped-ion quantum information processor.
In the endeavour to scale up the number of qubits in an ion-based quantum computer several groups have started to develop miniaturized ion traps for extended spatial control and manipulation of the ions. Shuttling and separation of ion strings have been the foremost issues in linear-trap arrangements and some prototypes of junctions have been demonstrated for the extension of ion motion to two dimensions (2D). While junctions require complex trap structures, small extensions to the 1D motion can be accomplished in simple linear trap arrangements. Here, control of the extended field in a planar, linear chip trap is used to shuttle ions in 2D. With this approach, the order of ions in a string is deterministically reversed. Optimized potentials are theoretically derived and simulations show that the reordering can be carried out adiabatically. The control over individual ion positions in a linear trap presents a new tool for ion-trap quantum computing. The method is also expected to work with mixed crystals of different ion species and as such could have applications for sympathetic cooling of an ion string.
Trapped atomic ions have become one of the most promising architectures for a quantum computer, and current effort is now devoted to the transport of trapped ions through complex segmented ion trap structures in order to scale up to much larger numbers of trapped ion qubits. This paper covers several important issues relevant to ion transport in any type of complex multidimensional rf (Paul) ion trap array. We develop a general theoretical framework for the application of time-dependent electric fields to shuttle laser-cooled ions along any desired trajectory, and describe a method for determining the effect of arbitrary shuttling schedules on the quantum state of trapped ion motion. In addition to the general case of linear shuttling over short distances, we introduce issues particular to the shuttling through multidimensional junctions, which are required for the arbitrary control of the positions of large arrays of trapped ions. This includes the transport of ions around a corner, through a cross or T junction, and the swapping of positions of multiple ions in a laser-cooled crystal. Where possible, we make connection to recent experimental results in a multidimensional T junction trap, where arbitrary 2-dimensional transport was realized.
Shuttle-based trapped ion quantum processors typically employ a one-dimensional (1D) linear architecture to transport ion-qubits between one ore more laser interaction zones where the quantum gates are implemented, along with several qubit register storage segments. The two-dimensional (2D) quantum CCD architecture employs also T- or X-junctions for an improved scaling and efficiency. Here, we explore the shuttling layer in the compilation of quantum algorithm typical building blocks in such architecture. To weight the effort of linear shuttle and junction shuttle, we introduce individual cost functions for each operation. This allows comparing the total cost for quantum circuit building blocks such as the QFT, Carry, Adder, Shift, and Comparator circuits. We study their scaling properties with increased qubit numbers. At equivalent transport cost for junction and linear shuttling, we show that 2D architectures outperform the 1D linear trap with the ratio improving as the number of ions increases. Finally, we discuss the use of cells, such that the entire processor is constructed from a 2D array of such interconnected cells. The work aims to optimize quantum processor architectures, implementing a co-design that fits to the specific task and scaling up in a shuttle-efficient way.
Trapped atomic ions have become one of the most promising architectures for a quantum computer, and current effort is now devoted to the transport of trapped ions through complex segmented ion trap structures in order to scale up to much larger numbers of trapped ion qubits. This paper covers several important issues relevant to ion transport in any type of complex multidimensional rf (Paul) ion trap array. We develop a general theoretical framework for the application of time-dependent electric fields to shuttle laser-cooled ions along any desired trajectory, and describe a method for determining the effect of arbitrary shuttling schedules on the quantum state of trapped ion motion. In addition to the general case of linear shuttling over short distances, we introduce issues particular to the shuttling through multidimensional junctions, which are required for the arbitrary control of the positions of large arrays of trapped ions. This includes the transport of ions around a corner, through a cross or T junction, and the swapping of positions of multiple ions in a laser-cooled crystal. Where possible, we make connections to recent experimental results in a multidimensional T junction trap, where arbitrary 2-dimensional transport was realized.
Trapped atomic ions have become one of the most promising architectures for a quantum computer, and current effort is now devoted to the transport of trapped ions through complex segmented ion trap structures in order to scale up to much larger numbers of trapped ion qubits. This paper covers several important issues relevant to ion transport in any type of complex multidimensional rf (Paul) ion trap array. We develop a general theoretical framework for the application of time-dependent electric fields to shuttle laser-cooled ions along any desired trajectory, and describe a method for determining the effect of arbitrary shuttling schedules on the quantum state of trapped ion motion. In addition to the general case of linear shuttling over short distances, we introduce issues particular to the shuttling through multidimensional junctions, which are required for the arbitrary control of the positions of large arrays of trapped ions. This includes the transport of ions around a corner, through a cross or T junction, and the swapping of positions of multiple ions in a laser-cooled crystal. Where possible, we make connections to recent experimental results in a multidimensional T junction trap, where arbitrary 2-dimensional transport was realized.
Quantum information processors are predicted to enable a significant speedup in solving certain classes of problems compared to their classical counterparts. For one scheme of a processor implementation, required elements include qubits with long coherence times, laser-induced universal gates, information transport, and motional-state initialization using a second coolant ion species. Techniques described in this thesis include the use of a multiple electrode segmented trap, wherein information transport is achieved through the transport of qubit ions between spatially distinct locations. While experiment timescales had previously been dominated by ion transport and re-cooling of motional states, I have achieved transport and separation of qubit ions on timescales comparable to quantum logic gates. This work has been extended to achieve fast transport of qubit and coolant two-species ion chains. The developed techniques for ion transport result in low motional excitations, reducing the need for re-initialization of ion motional states. This can enable significant improvement in the operation time of an ion-based quantum information processor.