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arXiv:2002.09329

Probing atomic 'quantum grating' by collisions with charged projectiles

S. F. Zhang, Bennaceur Najjari, Xuanye Ma, Alexander B Voitkiv

Published Feb 21, 2020• 0 citations
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Abstract

The wave function of an atom passed through a diffraction grating acquires a regular space structure and the interaction of another particle with this atom can be thought of as scattering on a 'quantum grating' composed of a single atom. Probing this 'grating' by collisions with charged projectiles reveals interference effects due to coherent contributions of its 'slits' to the transition amplitude. In particular, the spectra of electrons emitted from the atom in collisions with swift ions exhibit a pronounced interference pattern whose shape can be extremely sensitive to the collision velocity.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2002.09329

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The wave function of an atom passed through a diffraction grating acquires a regular space structure and the interaction of another particle with this atom can be thought of as scattering on a 'quantum grating' composed of a single atom. Probing this 'grating' by collisions with charged projectiles reveals interference effects due to coherent contributions of its 'slits' to the transition amplitude. In particular, the spectra of electrons emitted from the atom in collisions with swift ions exhibit a pronounced interference pattern whose shape can be extremely sensitive to the collision velocity.
The wave function of an atom, which passed through a diffraction grating, is characterized by a regular space structure. Correspondingly, the interaction of another particle with this atom can be viewed as scattering on an ‘atomic quantum grating’ made of just a single atom. Probing this ‘grating’ by collisions with a charged projectile reveals few-body interference phenomena caused by the coherent contributions of its ‘slits’ to the transition amplitude (the superposition principle) and quantum entanglement of the particles involved. In particular, the spectra of electrons emitted from the atom in collisions with swift ions exhibit a pronounced interference pattern whose shape can be extremely sensitive to the collision velocity.
Abstract When an atom passes through a macroscopic diffraction grating its wave function acquires a regular space structure and its collision by another particle can be thought of as scattering, of the latter, on a grating composed of a single atom (hereafter termed as ‘quantum-grating’). Photoionization of such a ‘quantum grating’ unveils interference features and in particular a striking difference in the photoelectron and recoil ion spectra which no longer ‘mirroring’ each other as in the case of photoionization of atoms or molecules. We show that complete information about the macroscopic diffraction grating is directly contained in the recoil ion spectra while only partly exhibited in the spectra of the electron.
Diffraction patterns of electrons are believed to resemble those of electromagnetic waves (EMW). I performed a series of experiments invoked to show that the periodicity of peaks in the diffraction diagram of electrons is concerned with the periodicity of the arrangement of scattering centers in the diffraction grating in combination with the supposed character of the spatial structure of the electron as a system of regularly spaced concentric shells of elasticity. I started from the experiment on the diffraction of electrons and EMWs at the sharp edge of the opaque half-plane. This simple scattering configuration enabled me to discriminate between the re-radiation mechanism of the wave diffraction and ricochet scattering of electrons on the edge of the half-plane. Then I made experiments with scattering on composite objects proceeding step by step from a single straight edge to a couple of edges (one slit) and then to four edges (two slits). Thus I succeeded in interpretation of the double-slit diffraction (four straight edges) in terms of the scattering on a single edge. I managed also to observe the electron's trajectory. Equipping the slit's edge with a semiconductor sensors I registered the passing of the electron through the slit detecting simultaneously a weaker signal at another slit. This technique appeared not to destroy or disturb the "interference" pattern. Closing one slit by inserting therein a transparent for EMWs piece of dielectric I have found that the scattering pattern beneath this slit vanishes while the scattering pattern under the open slit remains as before when both slits were open. This experiment indicates that the electron "interferes" with its electromagnetic component passed via the slit plugged by the transparent for it dielectric.
Abstract In Chapter 21, we turn to interference and diffraction. We start by describing the interference pattern in Young’s classic two-slit experiment, whose analysis is subsequently generalised to determine the interference pattern behind a multi-slit grating. The diffraction pattern for a single slit is then estimated using Huygens’ principle, and this is combined with the interference pattern for a multi-slit grating to get the entire wave pattern generated by a diffraction grating. Next, we turn to the diffraction of electrons. This starts with a brief introduction to quantum mechanics, focussed on Schrodinger’s wave equation, de Broglie waves, and the collapse of the wavefunction following measurements. Finally, we use these elementary quantum concepts to describe the diffraction of electrons.
We consider photo ionization of an atom which, due to passing through a diffraction grating, is prepared in a multi-site state possessing a periodic space structure with alternating maxima and minima. It has been found that this process qualitatively differs from photo ionization of a 'normal' atom. In particular, the spectra of emitted electrons and recoil ions in this process display clear one- and two-particle interference effects. Moreover, there are also striking differences between the momentum distributions of these particles, which no longer mirror each other. The origin of all these features is discussed in detail. It is also shown that the information about the diffraction grating, which is encoded in the multi-site state of the atom, can be fully decoded by exploring the spectra of recoil ions whereas the photo-electron spectra contain this information only partially.
For the last 50 years, there has been considerable interest in the possibility of observing the equivalence of a Young's double-slit wave interference at the quantum level for diatomic molecules. For electron-impact ionization of diatomic molecules, indirect evidence for this type of interference has been found by changing the energy (wavelength) of the ejected electron while keeping the incident projectile scattering angle fixed. The present work represents an experimental and theoretical collaboration to better understand the physics of this type of interference. In addition to examining the effect of changing the ejected electron energy for a fixed scattered projectile angle, we have also examined the effect of keeping the ejected electron energy fixed while varying the projectile scattering angle. Model calculations are performed for three different types of possible two-center interference effects, and it is found that the most important one is diffraction of the projectile off two scattering centers.