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arXiv:2002.08715 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Towards supersensitive optical phase measurement using a deterministic source of entangled multiphoton states

Giora Peniakov, Zu-En Su, Amir Beck, Dan Cogan, Orit Amar, D. Gershoni

Published Jun 3, 2020• 18 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In principle, the use of entangled photons provides enhanced precision in optical phase measurements. This precision significantly surpasses the classical shot-noise limit, and thereby has many possible applications in science and technology. In practice, however, entangled multiphoton states have been generated so far using various intrinsically probabilistic and unscalable processes, thereby counteracting the advantages that the entangled photon states might have. The authors overcome these limitations here by using a quantum knitting machine, based on a single semiconductor quantum dot, to generate a polarization-entangled multiphoton state in a deterministic manner. The multiphoton state is then used to demonstrate super-sensitive optical phase measurement. The results pave the way for realizing genuine quantum enhanced optical measurements in the very near future.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.101.245406

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In principle, the use of entangled photons provides enhanced precision in optical phase measurements. This precision significantly surpasses the classical shot-noise limit, and thereby has many possible applications in science and technology. In practice, however, entangled multiphoton states have been generated so far using various intrinsically probabilistic and unscalable processes, thereby counteracting the advantages that the entangled photon states might have. The authors overcome these limitations here by using a quantum knitting machine, based on a single semiconductor quantum dot, to generate a polarization-entangled multiphoton state in a deterministic manner. The multiphoton state is then used to demonstrate super-sensitive optical phase measurement. The results pave the way for realizing genuine quantum enhanced optical measurements in the very near future.
Multiphoton entangled states such as "N00N states" have attracted a lot of attention because of their possible application in high-precision, quantum enhanced phase determination. So far, N00N states have been generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion processes and by mixing quantum and classical light on a beam splitter. Here, in contrast, we demonstrate superresolving phase measurements based on two-photon N00N states generated by quantum dot single-photon sources making use of the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect on a beam splitter. By means of pulsed resonance fluorescence of a charged exciton state, we achieve, in postselection, a quantum enhanced improvement of the precision in phase uncertainty, higher than prescribed by the standard quantum limit. An analytical description of the measurement scheme is provided, reflecting requirements, capability, and restraints of single-photon emitters in optical quantum metrology. Our results point toward the realization of a real-world quantum sensor in the near future.
Path-entangled multi-photon states allow optical phase-sensing beyond the shot-noise limit, provided that an efficient parity measurement can be implemented. Realizing this experimentally is technologically demanding, as it requires coincident single-photon detection proportional to the number of photons involved, which represents a severe challenge for achieving a practical quantum advantage over classical methods. Here, we exploit advanced quantum state engineering based on superposing two photon-pair creation events to realize a new approach that bypasses this issue. In particular, optical phase shifts are probed with a two-photon quantum state whose information is subsequently effectively transferred to a single-photon state. Notably, without any multiphoton detection, we infer phase shifts by measuring the average intensity of the single-photon beam on a photodiode, in analogy to standard classical measurements. Importantly, our approach maintains the quantum advantage: twice as many interference fringes are observed for the same phase shift, corresponding to N = 2 path-entangled photons. Our results demonstrate that the advantages of quantum-enhanced phase sensing can be fully exploited in standard intensity measurements, paving the way toward resource-efficient and practical quantum optical metrology.
The ultimate sensitivity of optical measurements is a key element of many recent works. Classically, it is mainly limited by the shot noise limit. However, a measurement setup that incorporates quantum mechanical principles can surpass the shot noise limit and reach the Heisenberg limit. Nevertheless, many of those experiments fail to break even the classical shot-noise limit. Following a recent proposal, we present here the results of optical phase measurements with a photon-number resolving detector using coherent states of up to 4200 photons on average. An additional scheme that can be implemented using standard single-photon detectors is also presented, and the results of the two schemes are compared. These measurements present deterministic single-shot sub-wavelength super-resolution up to 288 better than the optical wavelength. The results follow the classically limited sensitivity, up to 86 times better than the wavelength.
The quantum statistical fluctuations of electromagnetic fields establish a limit, known as the shot-noise limit, on the sensitivity of optical measurements performed with classical technologies. However, quantum technologies are not constrained by this shot-noise limit. In this regard, the possibility of using every photon produced by quantum sources of light to estimate small physical parameters, beyond the shot-noise limit, constitutes one of the main goals of quantum optics. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a scalable protocol for quantum-enhanced optical phase estimation across a broad range of phases, with neither pre- nor post-selected measurements. This is achieved through the efficient design of a source of spontaneous parametric downconversion in combination with photon-number-resolving detection. The robustness of two-mode squeezed vacuum states against loss allows us to outperform schemes based on N00N states, in which the loss of a single photon is enough to remove all phase information from a quantum state. In contrast to other schemes that rely on N00N states or conditional measurements, the sensitivity of our technique could be improved through the generation and detection of high-order photon pairs. This unique feature of our protocol makes it scalable. Our work is important for quantum technologies that rely on multiphoton interference such as quantum imaging, boson sampling, and quantum networks.