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arXiv:2002.05690 · Physical Review X

Imaging Spatiotemporal Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference of Biphoton States of Extremely High Schmidt Number

F. Devaux, A. Mosset, Paul‐Antoine Moreau, Éric Lantz

Published Aug 11, 2020• 43 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

For the first time, experiments show 2D spatial as well as temporal interference of pairs of entangled photons with enormous dimensionality, setting the stage for complex quantum information protocols that depend on space and time.
DOI
10.1103/physrevx.10.031031

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The Hong-Ou-Mandel interference effect lies at the heart of many emerging quantum technologies whose performance can be significantly enhanced with increasing numbers of entangled modes one could measure and thus utilize. Photon pairs generated through the process of spontaneous parametric down conversion are known to be entangled in a vast number of modes in the various degrees of freedom (DOF) the photons possess such as time, energy, and momentum, etc. Due to limitations in detection technology and techniques, often only one such DOFs can be effectively measured at a time, resulting in much lost potential. Here, we experimentally demonstrate, with the aid of a time tagging camera, high speed measurement and characterization of two-photon interference. With a data acquisition time of only a few seconds, we observe a bi-photon interference and coalescence visibility of ∼64% with potentially up to ∼2 × 103 spatial modes. These results open up a route for practical applications of using the high dimensionality of spatiotemporal DOF in two-photon interference, and in particular, for quantum sensing and communication.
Among the whole experiments using entangled pairs of photons, the famous experiment of two-photon interference known now as Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference, is probably one of the most fascinating. This ground-breaking experiment paved the way for a multitude of experiments showing the richness of the quantum properties of Spontaneous Parametric Down conversion (SPDC) and their applications to original communication protocols. Most of them use the coherence time property of a bi-photon state and measurement are mainly performed with bucket detectors and coincidence counters. While some studies report the spatial coherence of two-photon state, measurements are always performed in the temporal domain.
Abstract High-dimensional quantum entanglement is currently one of the most prolific fields in quantum information processing due to its high information capacity and error resilience. A versatile method for harnessing high-dimensional entanglement has long been hailed as an absolute necessity in the exploration of quantum science and technologies. Here we exploit Hong-Ou-Mandel interference to manipulate discrete frequency entanglement in arbitrary-dimensional Hilbert space. The generation and characterization of two-, four- and six-dimensional frequency entangled qudits are theoretically and experimentally investigated, allowing for the estimation of entanglement dimensionality in the whole state space. Additionally, our strategy can be generalized to engineer higher-dimensional entanglement in other photonic degrees of freedom. Our results may provide a more comprehensive understanding of frequency shaping and interference phenomena, and pave the way to more complex high-dimensional quantum information processing protocols.
We develop a fully spatiotemporal numerical model, based on stochastic simulations, simulating the generation of spatiotemporal multimode spontaneous parametric down-conversion, the propagation of the signal and idler beams through a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer, and the detection of the outgoing beams with two separate detectors arrays. Spatial and temporal properties of the two-photon interference are investigated by measuring the spatial distribution of the momentum correlations between the time-integrated outgoing far-field images and a full spatiotemporal HOM dip is exhibited. Numerical results also demonstrate that the spatiotemporal coherence properties of biphoton wave packets can be fully characterized by detectors arrays with no temporal resolution.