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arXiv:1910.13582 · Physical Review A

Diffusion Monte Carlo study of a spin-imbalanced two-dimensional Fermi gas with attractive interactions

D. C. W. Foo, G. J. Conduit

Published Dec 2, 2019• 4 citations
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Abstract

We probe the superconducting gap in the zero-temperature ground state of an attractively interacting spin-imbalanced two-dimensional Fermi gas with diffusion Monte Carlo simulations. A condensate fraction at nonzero pair momentum evinces a spatially nonuniform superconducting order parameter. Comparison with exact diagonalization studies confirms that the nonzero condensate fraction across a range of nonzero fermion pair momenta is consistent with nonexclusive pairing between majority and minority fermions, an extension beyond Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov theory.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.100.063602

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We probe the superconducting gap in the zero-temperature ground state of an attractively interacting spin-imbalanced two-dimensional Fermi gas with diffusion Monte Carlo simulations. A condensate fraction at nonzero pair momentum evinces a spatially nonuniform superconducting order parameter. Comparison with exact diagonalization studies confirms that the nonzero condensate fraction across a range of nonzero fermion pair momenta is consistent with nonexclusive pairing between majority and minority fermions, an extension beyond Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov theory.
A spin-imbalanced Fermi gas with an attractive contact interaction forms a superconducting state whose underlying components are superpositions of Cooper pairs that share minority-spin fermions. This superconducting state includes correlations between all available fermions, making it energetically favorable to the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov superconducting state. The ratio of the number of up- and down-spin fermions in the instability is set by the ratio of the up- and down-spin density of states in momentum at the Fermi surfaces, to fully utilize the accessible fermions. We present analytical and complementary Diffusion Monte Carlo results for the state.
We present an exact quantum Monte Carlo study of the attractive one-dimensional Hubbard model with imbalanced fermion population. The pair-pair correlation function, which decays monotonically in the absence of polarization P, develops oscillations when P is nonzero, characteristic of Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase. The pair momentum distribution peaks at a momentum equal to the difference in the Fermi momenta. At strong coupling, the minority and majority momentum distributions are shown to be deformed, reflecting the presence of the other species and its Fermi surface. The FFLO oscillations survive the presence of a confining potential, and the local polarization at the trap center exhibits a marked dip, similar to that observed experimentally.
We study the zero-temperature phase diagram of the 2D spin-imbalanced Fermi gas with short-ranged attractive interactions using the recently developed neural network variational Monte Carlo method with the AGPs FermiNet Ansatz. The Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phase is observed in the weakly interacting BCS limit and a polarised superfluid is seen in the strongly interacting BEC limit. When the interactions are strong, the minority-spin momentum density is reduced almost to zero in the momentum-space region occupied by the unpaired majority-spin electrons. When the interactions are very strong, phase separation occurs, with regions containing bosonic pairs and unpaired regions occupied by the remaining majority-spin particles. In addition, we observe translational symmetry breaking at intermediate interaction strengths, where the system forms an exotic crystal of Cooper pairs in a Fermi fluid of unpaired majority-spin particles. We provide a possible explanation for the formation of the crystalline phase, explain the origins of the k-space momentum-density hole when the pairs are tightly bound, and discuss how our approach opens new directions for future work.
We present an extensive study of two-dimensional Larkin-Ovchinnikov (LO) superfluidity in a spin-imbalanced two-component atomic Fermi gas. In the context of Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase, we explore a wide and generic class of pairing gap functions with explicit spatial dependency. The mean-field theory of such phases is applied through the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations in which the pairing gap can be determined self-consistently. To systematically explore the configuration space we consider both the canonical and grand canonical ensembles where we control the polarization or chemical potentials of the system, respectively. The mean-field calculations enable us to understand the nature of the phase transitions in the fully paired Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state, exotic LO phase, and partially polarized free Fermi gas (NPP{N}_{\text{PP}}NPP​). The order of the phase transitions has been examined and, in particular, we find a weak first-order phase transition between the exotic inhomogeneous LO phase and the BCS phase. In comparison to the three-dimensional case, where the phase diagram is dominated by a generic separation phase, we predict a broader parameter space for the spatially inhomogeneous LO phase. By computing the superfluid density of the LO phase at different polarization, we show how the superfluidity of the system is suppressed with increasing spin polarization.
The ground-state phase diagram of attractively interacting Fermi gases in two dimensions with a population imbalance is investigated. We find the regime of stability for the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase, in which pairing occurs at a finite wave vector, and determine the magnitude of the pairing amplitude $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ and FFLO wave vector qqq in the ordered phase, finding that $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ can be of the order of the two-body binding energy. Our results rely on a careful analysis of the zero-temperature gap equation for the FFLO state, which possesses nonanalyticities as a function of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ and qqq, invalidating a Ginzburg-Landau expansion in small $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$.
We study a two-dimensional Fermi gas with an attractive interaction subjected to synthetic magnetic fields, which are assumed to be mutually antiparallel for two different spin components with population imbalance. By employing the mean-field approximation, we show that the Fulde-Ferrell state is energetically favored over the Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in the weak-coupling limit. We then elucidate the zero-temperature phase diagram in the space of attraction and two chemical potentials analytically at weak coupling as well as numerically beyond it. Rich structures consisting of quantum Hall insulator, unpolarized superfluid, and Fulde-Ferrell phases separated by various second-order and first-order quantum phase transitions are found.