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arXiv:1910.09102 · Physical Review Letters

Direct Temporal Mode Measurement for the Characterization of Temporally Multiplexed High Dimensional Quantum Entanglement in Continuous Variables

Nan Huo, Yuhong Liu, Jiamin Li, Liang Cui, Xin Chen, Rithwik Palivela, Tianqi Xie, Xiaoying Li, Z. Y. Ou

Published May 27, 2020• 30 citations

Abstract

Field-orthogonal temporal mode analysis of optical fields has recently been developed for a new framework of quantum information science. However, so far, the exact profiles of the temporal modes are not known, which makes it difficult to achieve mode selection and demultiplexing. Here, we report a novel method that measures directly the exact form of the temporal modes. This, in turn, enables us to make mode-orthogonal homodyne detection with mode-matched local oscillators. We apply the method to a pulse-pumped, specially engineered fiber parametric amplifier and demonstrate temporally multiplexed multidimensional quantum entanglement of continuous variables in telecom wavelength. The temporal mode characterization technique can be generalized to other pulse-excited systems to find their eigenmodes for multiplexing in the temporal domain.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.213603

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Mode matching plays an important role in measuring the continuous variable entanglement. For the signal and idler twin beams generated by a pulse pumped fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA), the spatial mode matching is automatically achieved in single mode fiber, but the temporal mode property is complicated because it is highly sensitive to the dispersion and the gain of the FOPA. We study the temporal mode structure and derive the input-output relation for each temporal mode of signal and idler beams after decomposing the joint spectral function of twin beams with the singular-value decomposition method. We analyze the measurement of the quadrature-amplitude entanglement, and find mode matching between the multi-mode twin beams and the local oscillators of homodyne detection systems is crucial to achieve a high degree of entanglement. The results show that the noise contributed by the temporal modes nonorthogonal to local oscillator may be much larger than the vacuum noise, so the mode mis-match can not be accounted for by merely introducing an effective loss. Our study will be useful for developing a source of high quality continuous variable entanglement by using the FOPA.

We demonstrated time-domain measurement and frequency domain measurement of continuous-variable (CV) entanglement with pulsed light source and waveguides. The experiment with pulsed light source has difficulty in temporal mode matching between the entangled beams and local oscillator (LO) beams. To break through this difficulty, we shorten the duration of LO pulse by optical parametric amplification (OPA) in a waveguide. We generated entanglement that satisfied EPR-Reid criterion in the time domain measurement.