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arXiv:1910.01571 · Quantum

Control of anomalous diffusion of a Bose polaron

Christos Charalambous, Miguel Ángel García-March, Gorka Muñoz-Gil, Przemysław R. Grzybowski, Maciej Lewenstein

Published Feb 20, 2020• 19 citations
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Abstract

We study the diffusive behavior of a Bose polaron immersed in a coherently coupled two-component Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). We assume a uniform, one-dimensional BEC. Polaron superdiffuses if it couples in the same manner to both components, i.e. either attractively or repulsively to both of them. This is the same behavior as that of an impurity immersed in a single BEC. Conversely, the polaron exhibits a transient nontrivial subdiffusive behavior if it couples attractively to one of the components and repulsively to the other. The anomalous diffusion exponent and the duration of the subdiffusive interval can be controlled with the Rabi frequency of the coherent coupling between the two components, and with the coupling strength of the impurity to the BEC.

DOI
10.22331/q-2020-02-20-232

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We study the diffusive behavior of a Bose polaron immersed in a coherently coupled two-component Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). We assume a uniform, one-dimensional BEC. Polaron superdiffuses if it couples in the same manner to both components, i.e. either attractively or repulsively to both of them. This is the same behavior as that of an impurity immersed in a single BEC. Conversely, the polaron exhibits a transient nontrivial subdiffusive behavior if it couples attractively to one of the components and repulsively to the other. The anomalous diffusion exponent and the duration of the subdiffusive interval can be controlled with the Rabi frequency of the coherent coupling between the two components, and with the coupling strength of the impurity to the BEC.
We investigate the effects of a nearly uniform Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) on the properties of immersed trapped impurity atoms. Using a weak-coupling expansion in the BEC-impurity interaction strength, we derive a model describing polarons, i.e., impurities dressed by a coherent state of Bogoliubov phonons, and apply it to ultracold bosonic atoms in an optical lattice. We show that, with increasing BEC temperature, the transport properties of the impurities change from coherent to diffusive. Furthermore, stable polaron clusters are formed via a phonon-mediated off-site attraction.
Quantum Brownian motion is one of the most prominent examples of an open quantum system, a system which cannot be treated in isolation from its environment. The simplest method to study the dynamics of a system undergoing such a type of motion, that satisfies Heisenberg Uncertainty principle is the approach of Quantum Generalized Langevin Equations (QGLE), which was used throughout this thesis. A Quantum Brownian motion approach is used in this work to study the Bose polaron problem. In this case, one transforms the original problem into one where the impurities are treated as quantum Brownian particles interacting with a bath composed of the Bogoliubov modes of the condensate. Then by deriving the relevant QGLE, it was shown that the dynamics of the Bose polaron exhibit memory effects. This was studied for both a free Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) and a harmonically trapped one, in both cases for experimentally relevant parameters. Taking advantage of this recent theoretical development, we study a number of phenomena that can be examined under this prism and show how various microdevices can be constructed and controlled. In the first project, we study the creation of entanglement and squeezing of two uncoupled impurities that are immersed in a single common (BEC) bath. We treat these impurities as two quantum Brownian particles. We study two scenarios:(i) In the absence of an external potential, we observe sudden death of entanglement;(ii) In the presence of an external harmonic potential, where entanglement survives even at the asymptotic time limit. In our second work, we studied the diffusive behavior of a Bose Polaron immersed in a coherently coupled two-component BEC. The particle superdiffuses if it couples in the same manner to both components, i.e. if it couples either attractively or repulsively to both of them. This is the same behavior of an impurity immersed in a single BEC. Conversely, we find that it exhibits a transient nontrivial subdiffusive behavior if it couples attractively to one of the components and repulsively with the other. We show how the magnitude of the anomalous exponent reached and the duration of the subdiffusive interval can be controlled with the Rabi frequency of the coherent coupling between the two components and the coupling strength of the impurity to the BEC. Then we proceeded with the construction of two microdevices, a quantum sub-nk thermometer and a heat diode. In the first project, we introduced a novel minimally disturbing method for sub-nK thermometry in a BEC. In this case, the impurity acted as a thermometer, where one detects temperature fluctuations from measurements of the position and momentum of the impurity. Crucially, these cause minimal backaction on the BEC and hence, realize a nondemolition temperature measurement. Following the paradigm of the emerging field of quantum thermometry, we combine tools from quantum parameter estimation and the theory of open quantum systems to solve the problem in full generality. We thus avoid any simplification, such as demanding thermalization of the impurity atoms. In our final work, we investigated the heat transport and the control of heat current among two spatially separated trapped BECs, each of them at a different temperature. To allow for heat transport among the two independent BECs we consider a link made of two dipole-dipole interacting harmonically trapped impurities, each of them interacting with one of the BECs. We address the dependence of heat current and current-current correlations on the physical parameters of the system. Interestingly, we show that heat rectification, can occur in our system, when a periodic driving on the trapping frequencies of the impurities is considered. Therefore, our system is a possible setup for the implementation of a phononic circuit, and hence contributes in the general framework of using BECs as platforms for quantum information processing. El movimiento Browniano, es un ejemplo de un sistema abierto, es decir un sistema que no se puede tratar en aislamiento. El método más simple para estudiar la dinámica de dicho sistema, que cumple el principio de la incertidumbre de Heisenberg es el de Quantum Generalized Langevin Equations (QGLE), que es el método que se usa en esta tesis. La perspectiva de Quantum Brownian motion se ha usado para estudiar muchos sistemas, entre ellos el problema de Bose polaron. En este caso, uno pasa el problema original a uno donde las impurezas se tratan como partículas Brownianas quanticas interactuando con un baño compuesto de modos de Bogoliubov del condensado. Después de derivar la QGLE relevante, se puede demostrar que la dinámica del Bose polaron muestra efectos de memoria. Esto se ha estudiado tanto en un Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC) libre como en uno atrapado en un trapo harmónico, para parámetros relevantes en experimentos. Aprovechando de este reciente desarrollo, estudiamos muchos fenómenos que se pueden investigar bajo este prisma y mostramos cómo se pueden construir y controlar varios microdispositivos. En el primer proyecto, estudiamos la creación de enlazamiento y squeezing de dos impurezas no acopladas, inmersas en un único BEC baño común. Estudiamos dos senarios: (i) en la ausencia de un potencial externo, donde observamos la muerte repentina del enlazamiento (ii) en la presencia de un trapo externo harmónico, donde el enlazamiento sobrevive incluso en el límite asintótico de largos tiempos. En nuestro segundo trabajo, estudiamos el comportamiento difusivo de un Bose polaron inmerso en un BEC de dos componentes que están acopladas coherentemente. La partícula es superdffusa si se acopla en la misma manera a los dos componentes, i.e. atractivamente o repulsivamente, como en el caso de un unico BEC. En el caso contrario, encontramos que la partícula muestra un comportamiento transitorio non-trivial. Mostramos como la magnitud del exponente anómalo y la duración del periodo transitorio se pueden controlar a través de la frecuencia Rabi del acoplamiento coherente entre los dos componentes y la fuerza del acoplamiento de la impureza a los dos componentes del BEC. En seguida, procedemos con la construcción de dos microdispositivos, un termómetro quántico y un diodo térmico. En el primer proyecto, hemos introducido un nuevo método de mínimo disturbio, que sirve para termometría en temperaturas sub-nK en un BEC. Nuestra técnica está basada otra vez en el modelo de Bose polaron, donde esta vez la impureza inmersa en un BEC sirve como un termómetro. La propuesta es detectar fluctuaciones de la temperatura de las medidas de la posición y el impulso de la impureza. Crucialmente, estas causan una reacción mínima en el BEC y, por lo tanto, realizan una medida de la temperatura no demoledora. En nuestro trabajo, evitamos cualquiera simplificación, como la imposición de la termalización de la impureza, o del acoplamiento débil de la impureza con el BEC. En el último trabajo, investigamos el transporte de calor y el control de corrientes de calor entre dos BECs espacialmente separados y atrapados harmónicamente, en temperaturas distintas. El flujo de calor entre los dos BECs, esta facilitado a través de dos impurezas harmónicamente atrapadas, cada una interactuando con su propio BEC. Las impurezas estan acopladas a traves de interacciones de dipolo-dipolo. Examinamos la dependencia del corriente de calor y sus correlaciones en los parámetros físicos del sistema. Mostramos que la rectificación del corriente del calor, i.e. el flujo de calor unidireccional puede ocurrir en el sistema, cuando aplicamos una conducción periódica en las frecuencias de los trapos de las impurezas. Por lo tanto, nuestro sistema es una posible configuración para la implementación de un circuito fononico.
A toolbox for the quantum simulation of polarons in ultracold atoms is presented. Motivated by the impressive experimental advances in the area of ultracold atomic mixtures, we theoretically study the problem of ultracold atomic impurities immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate mixture (BEC). The coupling between impurity and BEC gives rise to the formation of polarons whose mutual interaction can be effectively tuned using an external laser driving a quasi-resonant Raman transition between the BEC components. Our scheme allows one to change the effective interactions between polarons in different sites from attractive to zero. This is achieved by simply changing the intensity and the frequency of the two lasers. Such arrangement opens new avenues for the study of strongly correlated condensed matter models in ultracold gases.
We investigate the formation of a Bose polaron when a single impurity in a Bose-Einstein condensate is quenched from a noninteracting to an attractively interacting state in the vicinity of a Feshbach resonance. We use a beyond-Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian to describe both sides of the resonance and a coherent-state variational ansatz to compute the time evolution of Boson density profiles in position space. We find that on the repulsive side of the Feshbach resonance, the Bose polaron performs long-lived oscillations, which is surprising given that the two-body problem has only one bound state coupled to a continuum. They arise due to interference between multiply occupied bound states and therefore can be only found with many-body approaches, such as the coherent-state ansatz. This is a distinguishing feature of the Bose polaron compared to the Fermi polaron, where the bound state can be occupied only once. We derive an implicit equation for the frequency of these oscillations and show that it can be approximated by the energy of the two-body bound state. Finally, we consider an impurity introduced at nonzero velocity and find that, on the repulsive side, it is periodically slowed down or even arrested before speeding up again.
A new generation of cold atom experiments trapping atomic mixtures in species-selective optical potentials opens up the intriguing possibility to create systems in which different atoms live in different spatial dimensions. Inspired by this, we investigate a mixed-dimensional Bose polaron consisting of an impurity particle moving in a two-dimensional (2D) layer immersed in a 3D Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), using a theory that includes the mixed-dimensional vacuum scattering between the impurity and the bosons exactly. We show that similarly to the pure 3D case, this system exhibits a well-defined polaron state for attractive boson-impurity interaction that evolves smoothly into a mixed-dimensional dimer for strong attraction, as well as a well-defined polaron state for weak repulsive interaction, which becomes overdamped for strong interaction. We furthermore find that the properties of the polaron depend only weakly on the gas parameter of the BEC as long as the Bogoliubov theory remains a valid description for the BEC. This indicates that higher-order correlations between the impurity and the bosons are suppressed by the mixed-dimensional geometry in comparison to a pure 3D system, which led us to speculate that the mixed-dimensional polaron has universal properties in the unitarity limit of the impurity-boson interaction.
An impurity particle interacting with a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) leads to the formation of a quasiparticle known as the Bose polaron. We investigate the properties of the two-dimensional Bose polaron, applying a variational ansatz that contains up to three Bogoliubov excitations of the BEC. Similar to its three-dimensional counterpart, we observe the existence of two quasiparticle branches, namely, the attractive and the repulsive polarons, at different coupling strengths. We find that their energies agree well with recent quantum Monte Carlo calculations. In particular, we observe that the inclusion of three excitations is crucial to capture the attractive polaron energy towards the regime of strong attraction, where the quasiparticle properties are dominated by few-body correlations. We also calculate the attractive polaron effective mass and residue, where we find significant differences between considering a weakly interacting Bose medium and taking the noninteracting limit, signaling enhanced impurity dressing by excitations in the latter case. By contrast, the spectral weight of the metastable repulsive polaron is largely insensitive to the interactions in the BEC and the number of Bogoliubov excitations. Our model may be experimentally realized in dilute atomic vapors and atomically thin semiconductors.