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arXiv:1907.05754 · Physical Review A

Spectroscopy of the 1001-nm transition in atomic dysprosium

N. Petersen, M. Trümper, Patrick Windpassinger

Published Apr 2, 2020• 23 citations
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Abstract

We report on spectroscopy of cold dysprosium atoms on the $1001\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{nm}$ transition and present measurements of the excited-state lifetime which is at least $87(7)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}$ long. Due to the long excited-state lifetime we are able to measure the ratio of the excited-state polarizability to the ground-state polarizability at $1064\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ to be 0.83(0.13) by parametric heating in an optical dipole trap. In addition we measure the isotope shifts of the three most abundant bosonic isotopes of dysprosium on the $1001\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{nm}$ transition with an accuracy better than $30\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}$.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.101.042502

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We report on spectroscopy of cold dysprosium atoms on the 1001\ensuremath-nm1001\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{nm}1001\ensuremath-nm transition and present measurements of the excited-state lifetime which is at least 87(7)ms87(7)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}87(7)ms long. Due to the long excited-state lifetime we are able to measure the ratio of the excited-state polarizability to the ground-state polarizability at 1064nm1064\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}1064nm to be 0.83(0.13) by parametric heating in an optical dipole trap. In addition we measure the isotope shifts of the three most abundant bosonic isotopes of dysprosium on the 1001\ensuremath-nm1001\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{nm}1001\ensuremath-nm transition with an accuracy better than 30kHz30\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}30kHz.
We present measurements of the hyperfine coefficients and isotope shifts of the Dy I 683.731 nm transition, using saturated absorption spectroscopy on an atomic beam. A King Plot is drawn resulting in an updated value for the specific mass shift δν(684,sms)(164-162)=-534±17 MHz. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we measure the excited state lifetime τ684=1.68(5) μs, yielding a linewidth of γ684=95±3 kHz. We give an upper limit to the branching ratio between the two decay channels from the excited state showing that this transition is usable for optical pumping into a dark state and demagnetization cooling.
The laser cooling and trapping of ultracold neutral dysprosium has been demonstrated recently using the broad, open, 421-nm cycling transition. Narrow-line magneto-optical trapping of Dy on longer wavelength transitions would enable the preparation of ultracold Dy samples suitable for loading optical dipole traps and subsequent evaporative cooling. We have identified the closed 741-nm cycling transition as a candidate for the narrow-line cooling of Dy. We present experimental data on the isotope shifts, the hyperfine constants AAA and BBB, and the decay rate of the 741-nm transition. In addition, we report a measurement of the 421-nm transition's linewidth, which agrees with previous measurements. We summarize the laser-cooling characteristics of these transitions as well as other narrow cycling transitions that may prove useful for cooling Dy.
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We report a measurement of the dynamical polarizability of dysprosium atoms in their electronic ground state at the optical wavelength of 1064 nm, which is of particular interest for laser trapping experiments. Our method is based on collective oscillations in an optical dipole trap, and reaches unprecedented accuracy and precision by comparison with an alkali atom (potassium) as a reference species. We obtain values of 184.4(2.4) and 1.7(6) a.u. for the scalar and tensor polarizability, respectively. Our experiments have reached a level that permits meaningful tests of current theoretical descriptions and provides valuable information for future experiments utilizing the intriguing properties of heavy lanthanide atoms.
The open inner-shell electronic structure of lanthanides with large magnetic moments gives rise to a rich spectrum of transitions available for laser cooling, trapping, and coherent control. Despite this, the large number of ultraviolet (UV) transitions below 400nm have so far been rarely utilized in dipolar atom experiments. Here, we investigate multiple UV ground state transitions in dysprosium. Several of these UV excited states have the largest decay strengths to the ultralong-lived, low-lying first excited state which are comparable to the most commonly used strongest transitions found in dipolar atoms. Using two-dimensional shelving spectroscopy which improves detection sensitivity and provides a straightforward way to determine the hyperfine-isotope structure and excited state total angular momentum JJJ, we measure isotope shifts, hyperfine coefficients, and create King plots to determine their electronic nature. Such knowledge of these UV transitions which analogously exist in other magnetic atoms is important for optically populating the first excited state and can be used towards creating an optical clock, high resolution imaging in quantum gas microscopy, and probing lanthanide nuclei with enhanced Schiff moments in search of physics beyond the standard model.
We experimentally show that an electric dipole moment of more than 1 Debye can be induced in the dysprosium (Dy) atom, in a long-lived state that is about 17 513 cm − 1 above the ground state. This metastable state is part of a strongly coupled opposite-parity doublet. Using optically detected microwave spectroscopy in an atomic beam, we determine the approximately 1.12 cm − 1 doublet spacing for the five stable bosonic isotopes of Dy with kilohertz-level accuracy. From the shift of the microwave transition frequency in low electric fields (below 150 V/cm) and from optical spectra in high electric fields (up to 150 kV/cm), a reduced transition dipole moment of 7.65 ± 0.05 Debye between the doublet states is extracted. In high electric fields the doublet interacts with a third state at 17 727 cm − 1 that connects to the ground state via an electric-dipole transition. The three-state Stark interaction enables preparation of Dy atoms in the metastable state via single-photon excitation from the ground state. Our work experimentally validates predicted characteristics of the opposite-parity doublet and provides an effective route to the first doubly polar quantum gas of atoms.