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arXiv:1904.12252 · Advanced Quantum Technologies

Advances in Quantum Dense Coding

Yu Guo, Bi‐Heng Liu, Chuan‐Feng Li, Guang‐Can Guo

Published Apr 29, 2019• 75 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Quantum dense coding is one of the most important protocols in quantum communication. It derives from the idea of using quantum resources to boost the communication capacity and now serves as a key primitive across a variety of quantum information protocols. This Progress Report focuses on the basic theoretical ideas behind quantum dense coding, discussing its development history from discrete and continuous variables to quantum networks, then to its variant protocols and applications in quantum secure communication. With this basic background in hand, then the main experimental achievements are reviewed, from photonic qubits and qudits to optical modes, nuclear magnetic resonance, and atomic systems. Besides the state of the art, finally potential future steps are discussed.

DOI
10.1002/qute.201900011

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Quantum dense coding is one of the most significant protocols of quantum communication. It was inspired by using quantum resources as a means to improve communications capacity and is an essential starting point for various quantum information protocols. This paper focuses on the fundamental theoretical ideas behind quantum dense coding and discusses the history of development and working protocols of it. Then, we extend two-dimensional dense coding protocol to higher dimensions and obtain the general formula of d-dimensional quantum dense coding protocol.
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A central problem in quantum information theory is understanding how quantum resources can be used to communicate information more efficiently than classical resources. We introduce quantum dense network coding -- a protocol that transmits the output of a non-Boolean function to a receiver using provably half as many qubits as bits for each sender by not transmitting the entirety of the function inputs. We show this advantage requires both shared entanglement and quantum communication, is robust to noise, and the gap in success probability between quantum and classical communication can be amplified exponentially in the number of senders. Finally, we show that dense network coding gives rise to a novel, information-theoretically secure, quantum cryptographic protocol, which we call measurement-device-independent quantum key growing.
Recent progress in quantum technologies has brought quantum communication and networking from a largely theoretical idea to an emerging practical reality. By exploiting fundamental quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement, quantum communication promises capabilities that are fundamentally different and out of reach for classical communication systems, particularly in terms of security and information sharing. This review aims to present the essential theoretical concepts required to understand quantum communication, alongside an experimental and engineering perspective that highlights how these ideas are realized using real hardware. We explain core principles and protocols in a manner that connects the physics to practical system design, allowing readers to see how quantum theory and communication technology jointly enable quantum networking. The paper further surveys recent experimental and technological advances that have made practical quantum communication possible, emphasizing the role of photonic hardware, sources, detectors, and integrated platforms in enabling key operations, now leading to deployment of multi-node long-distance quantum networks. Finally, we also present the current developments in quantum-secure communication and quantum networking efforts undergoing in India, placing them in the context of the global progress.
Quantum technologies have the potential to improve in an unprecedented way the security and efficiency of communications in network infrastructures. We discuss the current landscape in quantum communication and cryptography, and focus in particular on recent photonic implementations, using encoding in discrete or continuous properties of light, of central quantum network protocols, enabling secret key distribution, verification of multiparty entanglement and transactions of quantum money, with security guarantees impossible to achieve with only classical resources. We also describe current challenges in this field and our efforts towards the miniaturization of the developed photonic systems, their integration into telecommunication network infrastructures, including with satellite links, as well as the practical demonstration of novel protocols featuring a quantum advantage for a wide range of tasks. These advances enrich the resources and applications of the emerging quantum networks that will play a central role in the context of future global-scale quantum-safe communications.