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arXiv:1904.12073 · Physical Review A

Microwave spectroscopy of radio-frequency-dressed Rb87

G. Sinuco-León, B. M. Garraway, Hèctor Mas, Saurabh Pandey, Georgios Vasilakis, Vasiliki Bolpasi, Wolf von Klitzing, Bethany Foxon, Sindhu Jammi, Konstantinos Poulios, T. Fernholz

Published Nov 22, 2019• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the hyperfine spectrum of atoms of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ dressed by a radio-frequency field and present experimental results in three different situations: freely falling atoms, atoms trapped in an optical dipole trap, and atoms in an adiabatic radio-frequency dressed shell trap. In all cases, we observe several resonant sidebands spaced (in frequency) at intervals equal to the dressing frequency, corresponding to transitions enabled by the dressing field. We theoretically explain the main features of the microwave spectrum using a semiclassical model in the low-field limit and the rotating-wave approximation for alkali-metal-like species, in general, and $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms, in particular. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate how the spectral signal of a dressed atomic ensemble enables an accurate determination of the dressing configuration and the probing microwave field.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.100.053416

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We study the hyperfine spectrum of atoms of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb dressed by a radio-frequency field and present experimental results in three different situations: freely falling atoms, atoms trapped in an optical dipole trap, and atoms in an adiabatic radio-frequency dressed shell trap. In all cases, we observe several resonant sidebands spaced (in frequency) at intervals equal to the dressing frequency, corresponding to transitions enabled by the dressing field. We theoretically explain the main features of the microwave spectrum using a semiclassical model in the low-field limit and the rotating-wave approximation for alkali-metal-like species, in general, and 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms, in particular. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate how the spectral signal of a dressed atomic ensemble enables an accurate determination of the dressing configuration and the probing microwave field.
We study dressed Bose-Einstein condensates in an atom chip radio-frequency trap. We show that in this system sufficiently strong dressing can be achieved to cause the widely used rotating-wave approximation (RWA) to break down. We present a full calculation of the atom-field coupling which shows that the non-RWA contributions quantitatively alter the shape of the emerging dressed adiabatic potentials. The non-RWA contributions furthermore lead to additional allowed transitions between dressed levels. We use rf spectroscopy of Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in the dressed state potentials to directly observe the transition from the RWA to the beyond-RWA regime.
We study the spectral signatures and coherence properties of radio-frequency-dressed hyperfine Zeeman sublevels of Rb87. Experimentally, we engineer combinations of static and RF magnetic fields to modify the response of the atomic spin states to environmental magnetic field noise. We demonstrate analytically and experimentally the existence of "magic"dressing conditions where decoherence due to electromagnetic field noise is strongly suppressed. Building on this result, we propose a bichromatic dressing configuration that reduces the global sensitivity of the atomic ground states to low-frequency noise, and enables the simultaneous protection of multiple transitions between the two ground hyperfine manifolds of atomic alkali species. Our methods produce protected transitions between any pair of hyperfine sublevels at arbitrary (low) DC-magnetic fields.
We have investigated the atom trapping geometry for trapping of 87Rb^{87}{Rb}87Rb atoms in a radio-frequency (rf) dressed potential generated after superposing a strong linearly polarized rf-field on a static magnetic trap. For this, laser cooled atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber (pressure ∼\sim∼ 1.5 ×\times× 10−1010^{-10}10−10 Torr) were trapped in a quadrupole magnetic trap and evaporatively cooled before transferring them to the rf-dressed potential. The experimentally observed hollow shell type atom trapping geometry has been explained by theoretical modelling of the trapping potential.
We study the spectral signatures and coherence properties of radio-frequency-dressed hyperfine Zeeman sublevels of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb. Experimentally, we engineer combinations of static and RF magnetic fields to modify the response of the atomic spin states to environmental magnetic field noise. We demonstrate analytically and experimentally the existence of ``magic'' dressing conditions where decoherence due to electromagnetic field noise is strongly suppressed. Building on this result, we propose a bichromatic dressing configuration that reduces the global sensitivity of the atomic ground states to low-frequency noise, and enables the simultaneous protection of multiple transitions between the two ground hyperfine manifolds of atomic alkali species. Our methods produce protected transitions between any pair of hyperfine sublevels at arbitrary (low) DC-magnetic fields.
We demonstrate the accurate determination of the magnetic strength of a microwave field utilizing the dressed cesium atom as a sensor. A bias magnetic field is initially used to split the Zeeman levels of the ground state. Its value is carefully selected to ensure that the microwave field to be measured is closely resonant to a pair of selected hyperfine Zeeman levels ( | F = 3 , m F = 3 ⟩ and | F = 4 , m F = 4 ⟩ ), while other states are neglected. This approach significantly simplifies the interaction model. A weak radio-frequency magnetic field is utilized to drive atoms away from the specified magnetic quantum number state to its neighbor, whose population imbalance is supervised by optical readout. The long atomic transverse relaxation time due to the antirelaxation coatings of alkali-metal-vapor cells makes it possible to precisely depict the interaction between atoms and the microwave field. Consequently, the microwave field can be accurately determined with an uncertainty of less than 1% even beyond 100 nT, corresponding to a radio-frequency spectral line broadening less than 100 Hz. The features we have identified enable us to expand the possibilities of developing new metrology for measuring microwave fields in an alternative way.
It has been proposed to use magnetically trapped atomic ensembles to enhance the interrogation time in microwave clocks. To mitigate the perturbing effects of the magnetic trap, near-magic-field configurations are employed, where the involved clock transition becomes independent of the atom's potential energy to first order. Still, higher order effects are a dominating source for dephasing, limiting the performance of this approach. Here we propose a simple method to cancel the energy dependence to both first and second order, using weak radio-frequency dressing. We give values for dressing frequencies, amplitudes, and trapping fields for 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms and investigate quantitatively the robustness of these second-order-magic conditions to variations of the system parameters. We conclude that radio-frequency dressing can suppress field-induced dephasing by at least one order of magnitude for typical experimental parameters.