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arXiv:1904.10223 · Physical Review A

Design of an experimental platform for hybridization of atomic and superconducting quantum systems

Alessandro Landra, Christoph Hufnagel, Lim Chin Chean, Thomas Weigner, Yung Szen Yap, Long Hoang Nguyen, Rainer Dumke

Published May 28, 2019• 4 citations
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Abstract

Hybrid quantum systems have the potential of mitigating current challenges in developing a scalable quantum computer. Of particular interest is the hybridization between atomic and superconducting qubits. We demonstrate an experimental setup for transferring and trapping ultracold atoms inside a millikelvin cryogenic environment, where interactions between atomic and superconducting qubits may be established, paving the way for hybrid quantum systems. We prepare $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in a conventional magneto-optical trap and transport them via a magnetic conveyor belt into a UHV compatible dilution refrigerator with optical access. We store $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ atoms with a lifetime of 794 s in the vicinity of the millikelvin stage.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.99.053421

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Hybrid quantum systems have the potential of mitigating current challenges in developing a scalable quantum computer. Of particular interest is the hybridization between atomic and superconducting qubits. We demonstrate an experimental setup for transferring and trapping ultracold atoms inside a millikelvin cryogenic environment, where interactions between atomic and superconducting qubits may be established, paving the way for hybrid quantum systems. We prepare 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in a conventional magneto-optical trap and transport them via a magnetic conveyor belt into a UHV compatible dilution refrigerator with optical access. We store 5\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1085\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}5\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi108 atoms with a lifetime of 794 s in the vicinity of the millikelvin stage.
Hybrid quantum systems have the potential of mitigating current challenges in developing a scalable quantum computer. Of particular interest is the hybridization between atomic and superconducting qubits. We demonstrate a novel experimental setup for transferring and trapping ultracold atoms inside a millikelvin cryogenic environment, where interactions between atomic and superconducting qubits can be established, paving the way for hybrid quantum systems. 87Rb^{87}\text{Rb}87Rb atoms are prepared in a conventional magneto-optical trap and transported via a magnetic conveyor belt into a UHV compatible dilution refrigerator with optical access. We store 5×1085\times10^{8}5×108 atoms with a lifetime of 794 seconds in the vicinity of the millikelvin stage.
A hybrid quantum computing architecture combining quantum processors and quantum memory units allows for exploiting each component's unique properties to enhance the overall performance of the total system. However, superconducting qubits are highly sensitive to magnetic fields, while spin ensembles require finite fields for control, creating a major integration challenge. In this work, we demonstrate the first experimental setup that satisfies these constraints and provides verified qubit stability. Our cryogenic setup comprises two spatially and magnetically decoupled sample volumes inside a single dilution refrigerator: one hosting flux-tunable superconducting qubits and the other a spin ensemble equipped with a superconducting solenoid generating fields up to 50 mT. We show that several layers of Cryophy shielding and an additional superconducting aluminum shield suppress magnetic crosstalk by more than eight orders of magnitude, ensuring stability of the qubit's performance. Moreover, the operation of the solenoid adds minimal thermal load on the relevant stages of the dilution refrigerator. Our results enable scalable hybrid quantum architectures with low-loss integration, marking a key step toward scalable hybrid quantum computing platforms.
Hybrid quantum systems can be formed that combine the strengths of multiple platforms while avoiding the weaknesses. Here we report on progress toward a hybrid quantum system of neutral atom spins coupled to superconducting qubits. We trap laser-cooled rubidium atoms in the evanescent field of an ultrathin optical fiber, which will be suspended a few microns above a superconducting circuit that resonates at the hyperfine frequency of the Rb atoms, allowing magnetic coupling between the atoms and superconductor. As this will be done in a dilution refrigerator environment, the technical demands on the optical fiber is severe. We have developed and optimized a tapered fiber fabrication system, achieving optical transmission in excess of 99.95% , and fibers that can sustain 400 mW of optical power in a UHV environment. We have also optimized tapered fibers that can support higher order optical modes with high transmission (> 97%), which may be useful for different optical potential geometries. We have developed an in-situ tunable high-Q superconducting microwave resonator that can be tuned to within the resonator linewidth of the 6.8 GHz frequency of the Rb hyperfine transition.
Hybrid quantum systems provide a promising route toward combining the complementary strengths of distinct physical platforms for quantum information processing. In this context, highly excited Rydberg atoms are particularly attractive due to their strong electric dipole moments, long lifetimes, and compatibility with both optical and microwave frequency regimes. Mechanical resonators, on the other hand, offer long coherence times and the ability to store quantum information in macroscopic degrees of freedom. In this thesis, the development of a novel hybrid platform interfacing ultracold Rydberg atoms with high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonators (HBARs) in a cryogenic environment is presented. The core components of the experimental apparatus have been designed, assembled, and characterized, including a room-temperature realization featuring the complete cold-atom preparation chain. A first-generation superconducting atom chip for trapping ultracold atoms in a cryogenic environment has been designed and fabricated, establishing the foundation for future experiments under cryogenic conditions. The full experimental realization of the hybrid system, including the integration of the mechanical resonator, was delayed by the delivery of a custom-built cryostat. Nevertheless, the preparation of the cryogenic experiment has been completed, enabling rapid progress toward first experiments once cryogenic operation becomes available. At an operating temperature of 4 K, thermal phonon occupation of HBAR modes is significantly reduced compared to room temperature but remains above the quantum ground state, motivating the development of active cooling strategies. Complementing the experimental work, the feasibility of cooling a mechanical mode toward its quantum mechanical ground state using a cloud of Rydberg atoms is investigated theoretically. In this approach, Rydberg atoms act as a dissipative resource that extracts phononic excitations from the mechanical resonator and removes them via radiative decay. Furthermore, the potential of Rydberg atom-mediated interactions to generate entanglement between spatially separated mechanical oscillators is analyzed. Together, these results establish a foundation for future experimental investigations of Rydberg atom–mechanical oscillator hybrid systems.
We present a design for the experimental integration of ion trapping and superconducting qubit systems as a step towards the realization of a quantum hybrid system. The scheme addresses two key difficulties in realizing such a system: a combined microfabricated ion trap and superconducting qubit architecture, and the experimental infrastructure to facilitate both technologies. Developing upon work by Kielpinski et al. (Phys Rev Lett 108(13):130504, 2012. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.130504 ), we describe the design, simulation and fabrication process for a microfabricated ion trap capable of coupling an ion to a superconducting microwave LC circuit with a coupling strength in the tens of kHz. We also describe existing difficulties in combining the experimental infrastructure of an ion trapping set-up into a dilution refrigerator with superconducting qubits and present solutions that can be immediately implemented using current technology.
In modern quantum technology, different quantum systems have properties that make them effective for some tasks and less beneficial for others. Integrating these systems together into a single quantum hybrid system, exploiting the advantages of each systems strengths while suppressing their disadvantages, can advance the total performance. On-chip quantum hybrid systems coupled to an ensemble of ultracold atoms show a great potential for advancing quantum technology, because they combine the long coherence time of the atomic ensemble with access to conventional read-out techniques provided by the chip. This thesis presents an apparatus that we have built to carry out experiments with coupling ultracold 87Rb gases to various systems, including nanomechanics and optical cavities. The apparatus operates at ultra-high vacuum conditions, required for experiments with ultracold gases, and its design allows us to easily and quickly switch between different on-chip devices to perform and study quantum hybridization with ultracold gases. Such versatility is provided by separating the region where the ultracold gas is created from the location of the chip, and implementing a system which can optically transfer the atoms between these two regions. In this work we also describe atom cooling techniques used in this experiment, including magneto-optical trapping, sub-Doppler cooling in optical molasses and evaporative cooling. These methods have demonstrated cooling to temperatures below 100 uK. We also discuss a setup for optimal optical-dipole transport. Finally, we theoretically consider magnetic coupling between atoms and nanomechanical oscillators and propose using the Landau-Zener transitions as a method for reducing or measuring mechanical temperature of the resonators, and to create quantum entanglement between multiple devices.