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arXiv:1904.09915 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage-like protocols for amplitude transfer generalize to many bipartite graphs

Koen Groenland, Carla Groenland, Reinier Kramer

Published Jul 1, 2020• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Adiabatic passage techniques, used to drive a system from one quantum state into another, find widespread applications in physics and chemistry. We focus on techniques to spatially transport a quantum amplitude over a strongly coupled system, such as STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) and Coherent Tunneling by Adiabatic Passage (CTAP). Previous results were shown to work on certain graphs, such as linear chains, square and triangular lattices, and branched chains. We prove that similar protocols work much more generally in a large class of (semi-)bipartite graphs. In particular, under random couplings, adiabatic transfer is possible on graphs that admit a perfect matching both when the sender is removed and when the receiver is removed. Many of the favorable stability properties of STIRAP/CTAP are inherited, and our results readily apply to transfer between multiple potential senders and receivers. We numerically test transfer between the leaves of a tree and find surprisingly accurate transfer, especially when straddling is used. Our results may find applications in short-distance communication between multiple quantum computers and open up a new question in graph theory about the spectral gap around the value 0.

DOI
10.1063/1.5116655

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Adiabatic passage techniques, used to drive a system from one quantum state into another, find widespread applications in physics and chemistry. We focus on techniques to spatially transport a quantum amplitude over a strongly coupled system, such as STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) and Coherent Tunneling by Adiabatic Passage (CTAP). Previous results were shown to work on certain graphs, such as linear chains, square and triangular lattices, and branched chains. We prove that similar protocols work much more generally in a large class of (semi-)bipartite graphs. In particular, under random couplings, adiabatic transfer is possible on graphs that admit a perfect matching both when the sender is removed and when the receiver is removed. Many of the favorable stability properties of STIRAP/CTAP are inherited, and our results readily apply to transfer between multiple potential senders and receivers. We numerically test transfer between the leaves of a tree and find surprisingly accurate transfer, especially when straddling is used. Our results may find applications in short-distance communication between multiple quantum computers and open up a new question in graph theory about the spectral gap around the value 0.
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is a widely-used technique of coherent state-to-state manipulation for many applications in physics, chemistry, and beyond. The adiabatic evolution of the state involved in STIRAP, called adiabatic passage, guarantees its robustness against control errors, but also leads to problems of low efficiency and decoherence. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an alternative approach, termed stimulated Raman "user-defined" passage (STIRUP), where a parameterized state is employed for constructing desired evolutions to replace the adiabatic passage in STIRAP. The user-defined passages can be flexibly designed for optimizing different objectives for different tasks, e.g. minimizing leakage error. To experimentally benchmark its performance, we apply STIRUP to the task of coherent state transfer in a superconducting Xmon qutrit. We found that STIRUP completed the transfer more then four times faster than STIRAP with enhanced robustness, and achieved a fidelity of 99.5%, which is the highest among all recent experiments based on STIRAP and its variants. In practice, STIRUP differs from STIRAP only in the design of driving pulses; therefore, most existing applications of STIRAP can be readily implemented with STIRUP.
The procedure of stimulated-Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), one of many well-established techniques for quantum-state manipulation, finds widespread application in chemistry, physics, and information processing. Numerous reviews discuss these applications, the history of its development, and some of the underlying physics. This tutorial supplies material useful as background for the STIRAP reviews as well as related techniques for adiabatic manipulation of quantum structures, with emphasis on the theory and simulation rather than on experimental results. It particularly emphasizes the picturing of behavior in various abstract vector spaces, wherein torque equations offer intuition about adiabatic changes. Appendices provide brief explanations of related coherent-excitation topics and useful evaluations of relative strengths of coherent transitions—the Rabi frequencies—involving Zeeman sublevels.
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and its superadiabatic variant (sa-STIRAP) are pivotal techniques for high-fidelity quantum state transfer. However, STIRAP is inherently slow, while sa-STIRAP often requires additional, experimentally challenging couplings. Recent progress has shown that implementing these protocols in the dressed-state space can overcome these limitations by modulating the amplitude and phase of native driving fields, thereby enabling efficient population transfer without extra couplings. Nevertheless, the robustness of these dressed-state protocols against decoherence remains unclear. In this work, we investigate the decoherence resilience of both STIRAP and sa-STIRAP within the dressed-state framework. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that they exhibit significantly enhanced robustness to environmental noise compared to their standard three-level counterparts. Our results highlight the potential of dressed-state-based protocols for achieving robust, high-fidelity quantum state transfer in noisy environments.
The stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) shows an efficient technique that accurately transfers population between two discrete quantum states with the same parity, in three-level quantum systems based on adiabatic evolution. This technique has widely theoretical and experimental applications in many fields of physics, chemistry, and beyond. Here, we present a generally robust approach to speed up STIRAP with invariant-based shortcut to adiabaticity. By controlling the dynamical process, we inversely design a family of Hamiltonians that can realize fast and accurate population transfer from the first to the third level, while the systematic error is largely suppressed in general. Furthermore, a detailed trade-off relation between the population of the intermediate state and the amplitudes of Rabi frequencies in the transfer process is illustrated. These results provide an optimal route toward manipulating the evolution of three-level quantum systems in future quantum information processing.
A solid-state analog of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage can be implemented in a triple-well solid-state system to coherently transport an electron across the wells with exponentially suppressed occupation in the central well at any point of time. Termed coherent-tunneling adiabatic passage (CTAP), this method provides a robust way to transfer quantum information encoded in the electronic spin across a chain of quantum dots or donors. Using large-scale atomistic tight-binding simulations involving over $3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ atoms, we verify the existence of a CTAP pathway in a realistic solid-state system: gated triple donors in silicon. Realistic gate profiles from commercial tools were combined with tight-binding methods to simulate gate control of the donor to donor tunnel barriers in the presence of crosstalk. As CTAP is an adiabatic protocol, it can be analyzed by solving the time-independent problem at various stages of the pulse justifying the use of time-independent tight-binding methods to this problem. This work also involves the first atomistic treatment to translate the three-state-based quantum-optics type of modeling into a solid-state description beyond the ideal localization assumption. Our results show that a three-donor CTAP transfer, with interdonor spacing of 15 nm can occur on time scales greater than 23 ps, well within experimentally accessible regimes. The method not only provides a tool to guide future CTAP experiments but also illuminates the possibility of system engineering to enhance control and transfer times.
Coherent quantum state transfer is a vital step in quantum information processing. Based on the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), we realize robust quantum state transfer between two superconducting qubits, mediated by a tunable coupler. Utilizing parametric coupling techniques, we construct the STIRAP Hamiltonian by modulating the coupler frequency. A population transfer fidelity of 95.1 (±2.0)% is achieved and is consistent with the numerical simulation result of 95.4%. By preparing the initial state in the maximal superposition state of one qubit, we research how the phase of the transferred state is related to the modulation pulses. We also find that the transfer process is robust against the fluctuation of modulation frequency. Numerical simulation confirms that our state transfer scheme is more robust than non-adiabatic protocols.