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arXiv:1903.05147 · Physical Review A

Revisiting photon-statistics effects on multiphoton ionization. II. Connection to realistic systems

G. Mouloudakis, P. Lambropoulos

Published Jun 19, 2019• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper, we extend the results of an earlier paper [G. Mouloudakis and P. Lambropoulos, Phys. Rev. A 97, 053413 (2018)] in which we had demonstrated the limitations of the notion of nonresonant multiphoton ionization, in the exploration of photon statistics effects in nonlinear processes. Through the quantitative analysis of specific realistic processes, we provide the connection to conditions of intensity and pulse duration necessary in relevant experiments, including a recent seminal experiment demonstrating the effect of superbunching found in squeezed radiation. The outlook for a future era of studies on the interplay between stochasticity and nonlinearity in transitions driven by electromagnetic radiation is also discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.99.063419

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In this paper, we extend the results of an earlier paper [G. Mouloudakis and P. Lambropoulos, Phys. Rev. A 97, 053413 (2018)] in which we had demonstrated the limitations of the notion of nonresonant multiphoton ionization, in the exploration of photon statistics effects in nonlinear processes. Through the quantitative analysis of specific realistic processes, we provide the connection to conditions of intensity and pulse duration necessary in relevant experiments, including a recent seminal experiment demonstrating the effect of superbunching found in squeezed radiation. The outlook for a future era of studies on the interplay between stochasticity and nonlinearity in transitions driven by electromagnetic radiation is also discussed.
We present a detailed analysis of the effects of photon statistics on multiphoton ionization. Through a detailed study of the role of intermediate states, we evaluate the conditions under which the premise of nonresonant processes is valid. The limitations of its validity are manifested in the dependence of the process on the stochastic properties of the radiation and found to be quite sensitive to the intensity. The results are quantified through detailed calculations for coherent, chaotic, and squeezed vacuum radiation. Their significance in the context of recent developments in radiation sources such as the short-wavelength free-electron laser and squeezed vacuum radiation is also discussed.
The non linear interaction between an intense laser radiation and atoms leads to ionization through the absorption of N photons from the laser radiation via laser-induced virtual states. The multiphoton ionization rate varies as a function of the laser intensity I as IN. We discuss the two most important effects which govern multiphoton ionization processes : resonance effects and laser-coherence effects. In a moderate laser intensity range (107 - 109 W cm-2) corresponding to the two, three or four-photon ionization of atoms, resonance effects play a dominant role while the photon statistics of the laser radiation are relatively unimportant. On the contrary, in the very high intensity range (1012 - 1013 W cm-2) required to observe large Nth - order ionization processes, coherence effects play a dominant role through N! enhancement in the N-photon ionization rate, while resonance effects are completely damped due to the high laser intensity. We conclude by reviewing the possible applications of multiphoton absorption processes in other fields.
Through a quantitative analysis of an atomic transition driven strongly by quantized electromagnetic fields of various quantum states, we explore the role of quantum fluctuations on the behavior of the system. The emphasis is on fields with super-Poissonian statistics manifested in photon bunching, with the case of squeezed vacuum radiation serving as a prototype of superbunching. When combined with nonlinear coupling of the resonant states, bunching and superbunching lead to counterintuitive behavior. The connection to recent progress in squeezed vacuum sources and the opportunity for experimental investigation, as well as challenging open theoretical problems, are also outlined. In yet another context, the possibility of exploring related effects in strongly driven Auger resonances by FEL radiation is discussed.
The effect of temporal coherent control on the two-photon-resonant third-harmonic generation and multiphoton ionization into the continuum states of an atomic system is experimentally and theoretically investigated by means of a pair of partially incoherent, identical laser pulses. The evidence of quantum interference as a function of the delay between the pulses is reported. The transition from the resonant to the nonresonant case is also shown. The obtained results agree with the prediction of a theoretical model showing that the onset of quantum interference appears to be related to the coherence time of the laser radiation, which is much shorter than the pulse duration.
The most important results of study of multiphoton ionization of atoms are reviewed. Discussions are presented of specific features of the process, theoretical methods of description of ionization of atoms in a strong light field, the basic principles of design of experiments in which intense laser radiation is used, results of investigation of direct and resonance processes of multiphoton ionization, and the mutual relation between multiphoton processes (multiphoton excitation and ionization) and various phenomena leading to perturbation of the spectrum of bound states of an electron in an atom under the influence of a strong light field.
The review is devoted to new effects discovered recently in the course of studying the process of nonlinear ionization of atoms in the field of laser radiation—above-threshold ionization, manifestation of multielectron structure of complex atoms, formation of multiply charged ions, tunneling ionization, and emission of short-wavelength radiation. The main experimental data and their theoretical interpretation are presented. A discussion is given of the criteria for the applicability of the lowest non-vanishing order of non-steady-state perturbation theory to the description of the interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field.