We report on the use of parametric excitation to coherently manipulate the collective spin state of an atomic vapor at room temperature. Signatures of the parametric excitation are detected in the ground-state spin evolution. These include the excitation spectrum of the atomic coherences, which contains resonances at frequencies characteristic of the parametric process. The amplitudes of the signal quadratures show amplification and attenuation, and their noise distribution is characterized by a strong asymmetry, similar to those observed in mechanical oscillators. The parametric excitation is produced by periodic modulation of the pumping beam, exploiting a Bell-Bloom-like technique widely used in atomic magnetometry. Notably, we find that the noise squeezing obtained by this technique enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements up to a factor of 10, and improves the performance of a Bell-Bloom magnetometer by a factor of 3.
We report on the use of parametric excitation to coherently manipulate the collective spin state of an atomic vapor at room temperature. Signatures of the parametric excitation are detected in the ground-state spin evolution. These include the excitation spectrum of the atomic coherences, which contains resonances at frequencies characteristic of the parametric process. The amplitudes of the signal quadratures show amplification and attenuation, and their noise distribution is characterized by a strong asymmetry, similar to those observed in mechanical oscillators. The parametric excitation is produced by periodic modulation of the pumping beam, exploiting a Bell-Bloom-like technique widely used in atomic magnetometry. Notably, we find that the noise squeezing obtained by this technique enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements up to a factor of 10, and improves the performance of a Bell-Bloom magnetometer by a factor of 3.
Spin-noise spectroscopy is emerging as a powerful technique for studying the dynamics of various spin systems also beyond their thermal equilibrium and linear response.In this context, we demonstrate a nonstandard mode of the spin-noise analysis applied to an out-of-equilibrium nonlinear atomic system realized by a Bell-Bloom atomic magnetometer.Driven by an external pump and undergoing a parametric excitation, this system is known to produce noise squeezing.Our measurements not only reveal a strong asymmetry in the noise distribution of the atomic signal quadratures at the magnetic resonance, but also provide insight into the mechanism behind its generation and evolution.In particular, a structure in the spectrum is identified which allows to investigate the main dependencies and the characteristic timescales of the noise process.The results obtained are compatible with parametrically induced noise squeezing.Notably, the noise spectrum provides information on the spin dynamics even in regimes where the macroscopic atomic coherence is lost, effectively enhancing the sensitivity of the measurements.Our Letter promotes spin-noise spectroscopy as a versatile technique for the study of noise squeezing in a wide range of spin-based magnetic sensors.
(English) This thesis describes experiments that employ squeezed light to improve the performance of a sensitive optically-pumped magnetometer (OPM). The squeezed light source employs parametric amplification of vacuum fluctuations to produce squeezed vacuum and polarization-squeezed light tunable around the Rb D1 line. The OPM employs Bell-Bloom optical pumping of a high density vapor (with atom number density 10^{13}) and paramagnetic Faraday rotation, also on the Rb D1 line. The setup allows convenient switching from probing with laser light to probing with polarization-squeezed light, to study the use of the latter in atomic magnetometry. The magnetometer shows sub-pT/Hz^{1/2} sensitivity, limited by quantum noise; spin projection noise at low frequencies (<100Hz) and photon shot noise at high frequencies. Probing with polarization squeezed light suppresses the photon shot noise by 2dB, limited by the available squeezing and optical losses in passing through the vapor. This shot-noise suppression improves the high-frequency sensitivity and increases the measurement bandwidth, with no observed loss of sensitivity at any frequency. This result confirms experimentally the expected evasion of measurement back-action noise in the Bell-Bloom magnetometer. The thesis also develops a physical model to explain the observed spin dynamics of the Bell-Bloom magnetometer. The model describes the combined spin and optical polarization dynamics using Bloch equations with stochastic drive and detection noise terms. A perturbative approach and Fourier methods are then used to obtain analytic expressions for the magnetometer's frequency response, spin projection noise and photon shot noise. The role of measurement back-action emerges from a study of this model. As polarization squeezing reduces optical noise in the detected Stokes parameter, the accompanying ellipticity anti-squeezing is shunted into the unmeasured spin component. The thesis also reports a study of squeezed-light-enhanced magnetometry at a range of atomic densities, from 2.18 10^{12} atoms/cm3 to 1.13 10^{13} atoms/cm3 . Operating with fixed conditions of optical pumping, the signal amplitude, instrument noise spectrum and magnetic resonance width are measured as a function of atomic number density, for both laser- and squeezed-light probing. The equivalent magnetic noise spectra are then calculated. In the photon-shot-noise-limited portion of the spectrum, the squeezed light probing improves the magnetometer's sensitivity and measurement bandwidth for the full range of atomic density values. In particular, the laser-probed magnetometer shows a sensitivity optimum at n ~ 6 10 ^{12} atoms/cm3, and the squeezed-light-probed magnetometer surpasses this sensitivity. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the potential of stronger optical squeezing to enhance the instrument's sensitivity in different portions of the spectrum. Using the theory model we estimate the enhancement of the equivalent magnetic noise spectrum for 2 dB , 5.6 dB and perfect squeezing (zero noise in the detected polarization component) at the input to the atomic medium. (Català) Aqueta tesi descriu la millora d’un magnetòmetre de bombeig òptic (OPM) mitjançant l’ús d’estats de llum amb incertesa comprimida (squeezed states). S’usa amplificació paramètrica per a comprimir la incertesa de la font de llum. En concret, es comprimeix la incertesa de l’estat de buit quàntic, com també de la polarització òptica, amb la possibilitar d’ajustar la longitud d’ona al voltant de la transició atòmica D1 de 87Rb. L’OPM usa bombeig òptic Bell-Bloom de vapors d’alta densitat (amb densitats atòmiques properes a 1013) i rotació de Faraday, també al voltant de la transició atòmica D1 de 87Rb. L’aparell experimental permet canviar de mostreig amb llum coherent làser a mostreig amb llum de polarització comprimida, amb la finalitat d’avaluar el seu impacte en la sensitivitat del magnetòmetre. El magnetòmetre té una sensitivitat de sub-pT{ ?Hz , principalment limitada per soroll quàntic; soroll de projecció de spin a baixes freqüències (À 100 Hz) i soroll de quantització fotònica a altes freqüències. L’ús d’estats de llum amb polarització comprimida permet reduir el soroll fotònic en „ 2 dB, limitat per la compressió disponible i les pèrdues en travessar el vapor atòmic. La supressió del soroll fotònic augmenta l’amplada de banda del sistema amb l’avantatge de no perdre sensitivitat a cap banda de freqüència. Els resultats experimentals confirmen l’esperada supressió de retroalimentació de soroll en magnetòmetres de Bell-Bloom. La tesi també estudia el model teòric darrere les dinàmiques de spin en un magnetòmetre de tipus Bell-Bloom. El model descriu la combinació de les dinàmiques de spin i de la polarització òptica mitjançant equacions de Bloch forcades estocàsticament i amb termes de soroll de detecció. Es treballa en el límit pertorbatiu on mitjançant mètodes de Fourier s’obtenen expressions analítiques de la resposta en freqüència del magnetòmetre, dels sorolls de projecció de spin i del soroll de quantització fotònica. El rol de la retroalimentació de soroll també s’extrau d’aquest model. En concret, s’observa que la compressió en polarització redueix el soroll en els paràmetres de Stokes detectats, mentre els paràmetres de spin no mesurats experimenten una expansió de la seva incertesa (anti-squeezing). La tesi estudia magnetòmetres òptics de llum amb incertesa comprimida per a densitats entre 2.18 ˆ 1012 atoms{cm3 i 1.13 ˆ 1013 atoms{cm3. Es mesuren l’amplitud de senyal, l’espectre de soroll i l’amplada de la ressonància magnètica en funció de la densitat atòmica, per a un bombeig òptic constant i per a ambdós tipus de mostreig òptic (llum coherent i llum de polarització comprimida). A continuació, es calculen els espectres de soroll equivalents. En la part d’espectre on domina el soroll de quantització fotònica, s’observa que l’ús de llum de polarització comprimida millora la sensitivitat del magnetòmetre al llarg de tot el rang de densitats atòmics. En concret, la sensitivitat del magnetòmetre amb mostreig coherent és òptima per a n « 6ˆ1012 atoms{cm3 i es demostra una millora amb l’ús de mostreig amb llum comprimida. Es conclou amb una discussió sobre l’efecte de compressions més severes en la sensitivitat del magnetòmetre. Mitjançant el model teòric s’estima la millora en la sensitivitat per a compressions de 2 dB, 5.6 dB i “compressió perfecta” a l’entrada del medi atòmic
We study the effect of optical squeezing on the performance of a sensitive, quantum-noise-limited optically-pumped magnetometer. We use Bell-Bloom optical pumping to excite a 87Rb vapor and Faraday rotation to detect spin precession. The sub-pT/Hz sensitivity is limited by spin projection noise (photon shot noise) at low (high) frequencies. Probe polarization squeezing both improves high-frequency sensitivity and increases signal bandwidth. The accompanying polarization anti-squeezing perturbs only an unmeasured spin component, so there is no loss of sensitivity at any frequency. The method is compatible with high-density and multi-pass techniques that reach extreme sensitivity.
Abstract In this thesis, different experiments on spin squeezing and entanglement involving room temperature ensembles of Cesium atoms are described. The key method is the off-resonant Faraday interaction of spin-polarized atomic ensemble with a light field. And the key component is the micro-fabricated vapor cell coupled into an optical cavity. Quantum backaction evading measurement of one quadrature of collective spin components by stroboscopically modulating the intensity of probe beam at twice Larmor frequency is used to generate the spin-squeezed state. A projection noise limited optical magnetometer at room temperature is reported. Furthermore, using spin-squeezing of atomic ensemble, the sensitivity of magnetometer is improved. Deterministic continuous variable teleportation between two distant atomic ensembles is demonstrated. The fidelity of teleportating dynamically changing sequence of spin states surpasses a classical benchmark, demonstrating the true quantum teleportation.
We measured the spin noise spectroscopy (SNS) of rubidium atomic ensemble with two different kinds of atomic vapor cells (filled with buffer gas or coated with paraffin film on the inner wall) and demonstrated the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by using polarization squeezed state (PSS) of 795-nm light field with Stokes operator S Λ 2 squeezed. The PSS is prepared by locking the relative phase between the squeezed vacuum state of light obtained with a sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator and the orthogonally polarized local oscillator beam by means of the quantum noise lock. Under the same conditions, the PSS can be employed not only to improve the SNR, but also to keep the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of SNS, compared with the case of using the polarization coherent state (PCS), enhancement of SNR is positively correlated with the squeezing level of the PSS. With increasing probe laser power and atomic number density, the SNR and FWHM of SNS will increase correspondingly. With the help of the PSS of the Stokes operator S Λ 2 , quantum improvements of both the SNR and FWHM of SNS signal has been demonstrated by controlling optical power of polarization squeezed light beam or atomic number density in our experiments.
Atomic spins are usually manipulated using radio frequency or microwave fields to excite Rabi oscillations between different spin states. These are single-particle quantum control techniques that perform ideally with individual particles or non-interacting ensembles. In many-body systems, inter-particle interactions are unavoidable; however, interactions can be used to realize new control schemes unique to interacting systems. Here we demonstrate a many-body control scheme to coherently excite and control the quantum spin states of an atomic Bose gas that realizes parametric excitation of many-body collective spin states by time varying the relative strength of the Zeeman and spin-dependent collisional interaction energies at multiples of the natural frequency of the system. Although parametric excitation of a classical system is ineffective from the ground state, we show that in our experiment, parametric excitation from the quantum ground state leads to the generation of quantum squeezed states.