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arXiv:1901.07631 · Physical Review A

Magnetic stripe soliton and localized stripe wave in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

Li-Chen Zhao, Xi-Wang Luo, Chuanwei Zhang

Published Feb 28, 2020• 25 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The recent experimental realization of spin-orbit coupling for ultracold atomic gases opens a new avenue for engineering solitons with internal spatial structures through tuning atomic band dispersions. However, the types of the resulting stripe solitons in a spin-1/2 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) have been limited to dark-dark or bright-bright with the same density profiles for different spins. Here we propose that general types of stripe solitons, including magnetic stripe solitons (e.g., dark-bright) and localized stripe waves (neither bright nor dark), could be realized in a spin-1 BEC with widely tunable band dispersions through modulating the coupling between three spin states and the linear momentum of atoms. Surprisingly, a moving magnetic stripe soliton can possess both negative and positive effective masses at different velocities, leading to a zero-mass soliton at certain velocity. Our work showcases the great potential of realizing novel types of solitons through band dispersion engineering, which may provide a new approach for exploring soliton physics in many physical branches.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.101.023621

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We investigate the moving matter-wave solitons in spin—orbit coupled Bose—Einstein condensates (BECs) by a perturbation method. Starting with the one-dimensional Gross—Pitaevskii equations, we derive a new KdV-like equation to which an approximate solution is obtained by assuming weak Raman coupling and strong spin—orbit coupling. The derivation of the KdV-like equation may be useful to understand the properties of solitons excitation in spin—orbit coupled BECs. We find different types of moving solitons: dark—bright, bright—bright and dark—dark solitons. Interestingly, moving dark—dark soliton for attractive intra- and inter-species interactions is found, which depends on the Raman coupling. The amplitude and velocity of the moving solitons strongly depend on the Raman coupling and spin—orbit coupling.
We present three types of dark solitons in quasi–one-dimensional spin-orbit coupled repulsive Bose-Einstein condensates. Among these families, two are always stable, while the third one is only stable sufficiently close to the linear regime. The solitons' excitation spectra reveal the potential existence of a second anomalous mode. While the first such mode describes the soliton oscillatory motion in a parabolic trap, the second, when present, reflects the double-well structure of the underlying single-particle spectrum. This novel mode results in moving density stripes in the vicinity of the soliton core, or in an out-of-phase oscillation of the constituent components, with little effect on the nearly stationary striped total density of the composite soliton.
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Superstripe phases in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), possessing both crystalline structure and superfluidity, open a new avenue for exploring exotic quantum matters---supersolids. However, conclusive detection and further exploration of a superstripe is still challenging in experiments because of its short period, low visibility, fragility against magnetic-field fluctuation, or short lifetime. Here we propose a scheme in a spin-orbit coupled BEC which overcomes these obstacles and generates a robust magnetic superstripe phase, with only spin-density (no total density) modulation due to the magnetic translational symmetry, ready for direct real-space observation. In the scheme, two hyperfine spin states are individually Raman coupled with a largely detuned third state, which induce a momentum-space separation between two lower band dispersions, yielding an effective spin-1/2 system with tunable spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman fields. Without effective Zeeman fields, spin-dependent interaction dominates, yielding a magnetic superstripe phase with a long tunable period and high visibility. Our scheme provides a platform for observing and exploring exotic properties of superstripe phases as well as novel physics with tunable spin-orbit coupling.