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arXiv:1810.07617 · Physical Review A

Photonic quantum memory using an intra-atomic frequency comb

G. P. Teja, Christoph Simon, Sandeep K. Goyal

Published May 10, 2019• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Photonic quantum memory, such as an atomic frequency comb (AFC), is essential to make photonic quantum computation and long distance quantum communication scalable and feasible. In standard AFC the frequency of different atoms must be stable relative to each other which presents difficulties in realizing the quantum memory. Here we propose a quantum memory using an intra-atomic frequency comb which does not require frequency stabilization. We show that the transitions between two degenerate energy levels of a single atom can be used to construct the frequency comb. The spacing between the teeth of the comb is controlled by applying an external magnetic field. Since the frequency comb is constructed from individual atoms, these atoms can be used alone or in ensembles to realize the quantum memory. Furthermore, the ensemble based quantum memory with intra-AFC is robust against Doppler broadening which makes it useful for high-temperature quantum memory. As an example, we numerically show the intra-AFC in cesium atoms and demonstrate a photon echo which is essential for quantum memory.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.99.052314

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Photonic quantum memory, such as an atomic frequency comb (AFC), is essential to make photonic quantum computation and long distance quantum communication scalable and feasible. In standard AFC the frequency of different atoms must be stable relative to each other which presents difficulties in realizing the quantum memory. Here we propose a quantum memory using an intra-atomic frequency comb which does not require frequency stabilization. We show that the transitions between two degenerate energy levels of a single atom can be used to construct the frequency comb. The spacing between the teeth of the comb is controlled by applying an external magnetic field. Since the frequency comb is constructed from individual atoms, these atoms can be used alone or in ensembles to realize the quantum memory. Furthermore, the ensemble based quantum memory with intra-AFC is robust against Doppler broadening which makes it useful for high-temperature quantum memory. As an example, we numerically show the intra-AFC in cesium atoms and demonstrate a photon echo which is essential for quantum memory.
On-demand and efficient storage of photons is an essential element in quantum information processing and long-distance quantum communication. Most of the quantum memory protocols require bulk systems in order to store photons. However, with the advent of integrated photonic chip platforms for quantum information processing, on-chip quantum memories are highly sought after. In this paper, we propose a protocol for multimode photonic quantum memory using only a single-atom-cavity setup. We show that a single atom containing a frequency comb coupled to an optical cavity can store photons efficiently. Further, this scheme can also be used to store polarization states of light. As examples, we show that rubidium and cesium atoms coupled to nanophotonic waveguide cavities can serve as promising candidates to realize our scheme. This provides the possibility of a robust and efficient on-chip quantum memory to be used in integrated photonic chips.
In this article, we study the effect of various environmental factors on intra-atomic frequency comb (I-AFC) based quantum memory. The effect of the environment is incorporated as random fluctuations and non-uniformity in the parameters such as comb spacing and the optical depth, of the frequency comb. We found that the I-AFC is viable for photon storage even for very large fluctuations in the parameters of the frequency comb, which makes I-AFC a robust platform for photon storage. Furthermore, we show that the non-uniform frequency combs without any fluctuations in the comb parameters can also yield efficient quantum memory. Since the intra-atomic frequency combs found in natural atomic systems are often non-uniform, our results suggest that a large class of these systems can be used for I-AFC based efficient quantum memory.
Quantum memories are used for storing the quantum mechanical states of photons and release identical photons at a later time. This has many applications within the field of quantum computing and is also essential in order to achieve long range quantum communication and cryptography. In this thesis Atomic frequency comb (AFC) quantum memories were investigated. In particular, three-level memory schemes were investigated in detail and a program for simulating these protocols was developed. These schemes make use of control pulses to transfer the population from the optically excited state to a ground state hyperfine level, as well as radio frequency fields to swap the population in the two ground state hyperfine levels. In this work control and RF pulses, tailored to give good transfer rates, are suggested and effects due to off resonant excitation was investigated. A memory protocol which could give efficiencies up to 60% for Praseodymium doped Yttrium Silicate based AFC memories is proposed. The main bottleneck for reaching higher efficiencies is that the AFC peak spacing needs to be small in order to give enough time to transfer the population to the spin state with the control pulses. With the control pulses suggested in this work and the current technology of tailoring AFC peaks in Pr-based memories, this gives a maximum finesse of 6 of the AFC structure.
An efficient multimode quantum memory is a crucial resource for long-distance quantum communication based on quantum repeaters. We propose a quantum memory based on spectral shaping of an inhomogeneously broadened optical transition into an atomic frequency comb (AFC). The spectral width of the AFC allows efficient storage of multiple temporal modes without the need to increase the absorption depth of the storage material, in contrast to previously known quantum memories. Efficient readout is possible thanks to rephasing of the atomic dipoles due to the AFC structure. Long-time storage and on-demand readout is achieved by use of spin states in a lambda-type configuration. We show that an AFC quantum memory realized in solids doped with rare-earth-metal ions could store hundreds of modes or more with close to unit efficiency, for material parameters achievable today.
An atomic frequency comb (AFC) made of an ensemble of atoms with a periodic optical resonance was originally proposed as a viable approach for quantum memory for photons. In this paper we examine the quantum cloning capacity of an AFC in terms of the spectral distribution of the atomic populations in the energy levels associated with the optical transition. Expressions are derived for the memory readout efficiency, signal to noise ratio, and fidelity for an input at the single photon level. When applied to a square-toothed AFC, our analysis shows that there is a region where amplification from the excited state population results in greater than unit readout efficiency at a cost of fidelity being less than perfect, but still greater than the classical limit. The theory is developed under the assumption that both AFC and photon wave packets are spatially uniform. This can be regarded as a single spatial location inside an AFC and can be further expanded to study optically thick AFC with atomic population in both levels, which may find applications for quantum memory and quantum cloning machine.
Photons are a prominent candidate for long-distance quantum communication and quantum information processing. Certain quantum information processing tasks require storage and faithful retrieval of single photons, preserving the internal states of the photons. Here we propose a method to store orbital angular momentum and polarization states of light which facilitates the storage of the vector-vortex states in the intra-atomic frequency-comb-based quantum memory. We show that an atomic ensemble with two intra-atomic frequency combs corresponding to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions of similar frequency is sufficient for a robust and efficient quantum memory for vector-vortex states of light. As an example, we show that Cs and Rb atoms are good candidates for storing these internal modes of light.