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arXiv:1810.00193 · Physical Review A

Effective Hamiltonian theory of the geometric evolution of quantum systems

V. O. Shkolnikov, Guido Burkard

Published Apr 1, 2020• 6 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this work we present an effective Hamiltonian description of the quantum dynamics of a generalized $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ system undergoing adiabatic evolution. We assume the system to be initialized in the dark subspace and show that its holonomic evolution can be viewed as a conventional Hamiltonian dynamics in an appropriately chosen extended Hilbert space. In contrast to the existing approaches, our method does not require the calculation of the non-Abelian Berry connection and can be applied without any parametrization of the dark subspace, which becomes a challenging problem with increasing system size.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.101.042101

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In this work we present an effective Hamiltonian description of the quantum dynamics of a generalized \ensuremathΛ\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremathΛ system undergoing adiabatic evolution. We assume the system to be initialized in the dark subspace and show that its holonomic evolution can be viewed as a conventional Hamiltonian dynamics in an appropriately chosen extended Hilbert space. In contrast to the existing approaches, our method does not require the calculation of the non-Abelian Berry connection and can be applied without any parametrization of the dark subspace, which becomes a challenging problem with increasing system size.
The geometric phase is a fundamental quantity characterizing the holonomic feature of quantum systems. It is well known that the evolution operator of a quantum system undergoing a cyclic evolution can be simply written as the product of holonomic and dynamical components for the three special cases concerning the Berry phase, adiabatic non-Abelian geometric phase, and nonadiabatic Abelian geometric phase. However, for the most general case concerning the nonadiabatic non-Abelian geometric phase, how to separate the evolution operator into holonomic and dynamical components is a long-standing open problem. In this Letter, we solve this open problem. We show that the evolution operator of a quantum system can always be separated into the product of holonomy and dynamic operators. Based on it, we further derive a matrix representation of this separation formula for cyclic evolution, and give a necessary and sufficient condition for a general evolution being purely holonomic. Our finding is not only of theoretical interest itself, but also of vital importance for the application of quantum holonomy. It unifies the representations of all four types of evolution concerning the adiabatic/nonadiabatic Abelian/non-Abelian geometric phase, and provides a general approach to realizing purely holonomic evolution.
We develop a framework for quasi-holonomy in non-adiabatic quantum time evolution of subspaces along loops in a complex Grassmannian. By factoring the Schrödinger evolution into dynamical and connection-induced contributions in a moving basis, we obtain an effective geometric generator that depends explicitly on the dynamical propagator. This quasi-connection does not define a genuine connection on the original Grassmann bundle, since its gauge transformation law acquires a history-dependent, nonlocal term. Other ways of factoring the Schrödinger evolution are briefly discussed. All these approaches suffer from the same type of history-dependence, thereby defining transport of subspaces in which geometric and dynamical effects are generally intertwined, just as in the case of the quasi-holonomy. Our work sheds light on the issue of separating quantum evolution of subspaces into holonomic and dynamical parts from an essentially gauge-theoretic perspective.
In a quantum system initially in the nnn-th eigenstate, an adiabatic evolution of the Hamiltonian ensures that the system remains in the corresponding instantaneous eigenstate while acquiring a phase factor. This phase has two components: one resulting from standard time evolution and another associated with the dependence of the eigenstate on the varying Hamiltonian, known as the Berry phase. In this work, we explore the concept of geometric amplitudes in the context of a Hermitian Hamiltonian. We introduce the notion of geometric amplitude and provide a novel derivation of this concept. Our study reveals that a system undergoing cyclic evolution under adiabatic conditions acquires an additional amplitude factor of purely geometric origin. To illustrate this idea, we apply it to a concrete case: a generalized inverted harmonic oscillator. Although a pseudo-inner product can be introduced to make resonance states formally normalizable, this procedure relies on a non-unitary metric operator and defines a modified Hilbert space; it does not restore normalizability nor self-adjointness in the standard L2(R)L^2(R)L2(R) framework.
By using the effective Hamiltonian approach, we present a self-consistent framework for the analysis of geometric phases and dynamically stable decoherence-free subspaces in open systems. Comparisons to the earlier works are made. This effective Hamiltonian approach is then extended to a non-Markovian case with the generalized Lindblad master equation. Based on this extended effective Hamiltonian approach, the non-Markovian master equation describing a dissipative two-level system is solved, an adiabatic evolution is defined, and the corresponding adiabatic condition is given.
Non-Hermitian systems exhibit spectral and topological phenomena absent in Hermitian physics; however, their geometric characterization remains subtle due to the intrinsic ambiguity of biorthogonal eigenspaces. Since left and right eigenvectors are not related by Hermitian conjugation, the associated Berry connection is generally nonunique, leading to complex geometric phases and ambiguously defined holonomies. Here we formulate a covariant geometric framework for non-Hermitian quantum systems based on the metric structure of the underlying Hilbert space. We show that, in the quantum regime with continuous state evolution, the conventional Berry connection and the associated Berry holonomy over closed parameter-space loops can be consistently defined only in the pseudo-Hermitian limit, where the spectrum is real. For generic non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with complex spectra, the relevant geometric object is instead the Aharonov--Anandan holonomy associated with cyclic evolution in projective Hilbert space. Within the pseudo-Hermitian regime, we construct a unique Hermitian Berry connection that is covariant under arbitrary GL(N,C){\rm GL}(N,\mathbb C)GL(N,C) frame transformations and reduces to the standard Berry connection in the Hermitian limit. The resulting formalism separates the intrinsic geometry of the Hamiltonian eigenspace from contributions arising from the parameter dependence of the Hilbert-space metric, revealing that the conventional biorthogonal formulation generally mixes these distinct geometric effects. Consequently, geometric phases, synthetic gauge fields, and topological characteristics commonly attributed to non-Hermitian eigenspace geometry may, in part, originate from the underlying metric structure. Our framework therefore provides a consistent geometric foundation for Berry phases, non-Abelian holonomies, and topological invariants in non-Hermitian quantum systems.