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arXiv:1808.01808 · Physical Review A

Velocity-selected production of 2S3 metastable positronium

C. Amsler, M. Antonello, A. Belov, G. Bonomi, Roberto Sennen Brusa, M. Caccia, A. Camper, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, D. Comparat, Giovanni Consolati, Andrea Demetrio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, Mattia Fanì, S. Gerber, A. Gligorova, F. Guatieri, Philip Hackstock, S. Haider, Alexander Hinterberger, H. Holmestad, A. Kellerbauer, O. Khalidova, D. Krasnický, Vittorio Lagomarsino, P. Lansonneur, P. Lebrun, C. Malbrunot, S. Mariazzi, Viktor A. Matveev, S. R. Müller, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, Markus K. Oberthaler, Davide Pagano, Luca Penasa, V. Petráček, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, B. Rienäcker, Jacques Robert, Ole Myren Rohne, Alberto Rotondi, H. Sandaker, R. Santoro, L. Smestad, Fiodor Sorrentino, G. Testera, Ingmari C. Tietje, E. Widmann, P. Yzombard, Christian Zimmer, Nicola Zurlo

Published Mar 5, 2019• 28 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Positronium in the $2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}$ metastable state exhibits a low electrical polarizability and a long lifetime (1140 ns), making it a promising candidate for interferometry experiments with a neutral matter-antimatter system. In the present work, $2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}$ positronium is produced, in the absence of an electric field, via spontaneous radiative decay from the $3^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{P}$ level populated with a 205-nm UV laser pulse. Thanks to the short temporal length of the pulse, 1.5 ns full width at half maximum, different velocity populations of a positronium cloud emitted from a nanochanneled positron-positronium converter were selected by delaying the excitation pulse with respect to the production instant. $2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}$ positronium atoms with velocity tuned between $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ were thus produced. Depending on the selected velocity, a $2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}$ production efficiency ranging from $\ensuremath{\sim}0.8%$ to $\ensuremath{\sim}1.7%$, with respect to the total amount of emitted positronium, was obtained. The observed results give a branching ratio for the $3^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{P}\ensuremath{-}2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}$ spontaneous decay of $(9.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7)%$. The present velocity selection technique could allow one to produce an almost monochromatic beam of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}$ atoms with a velocity spread of $<{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and an angular divergence of $\ensuremath{\sim}50$ mrad.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.99.033405

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Positronium in the 23S2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}23S metastable state exhibits a low electrical polarizability and a long lifetime (1140 ns), making it a promising candidate for interferometry experiments with a neutral matter-antimatter system. In the present work, 23S2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}23S positronium is produced, in the absence of an electric field, via spontaneous radiative decay from the 33P3^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{P}33P level populated with a 205-nm UV laser pulse. Thanks to the short temporal length of the pulse, 1.5 ns full width at half maximum, different velocity populations of a positronium cloud emitted from a nanochanneled positron-positronium converter were selected by delaying the excitation pulse with respect to the production instant. 23S2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}23S positronium atoms with velocity tuned between 7\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi104ms\ensuremath−17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}7\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi104ms\ensuremath−1 and 10\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi104ms\ensuremath−110\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}10\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi104ms\ensuremath−1 were thus produced. Depending on the selected velocity, a 23S2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}23S production efficiency ranging from \ensuremath∼0.8\ensuremath{\sim}0.8%\ensuremath∼0.8 to \ensuremath∼1.7\ensuremath{\sim}1.7%\ensuremath∼1.7, with respect to the total amount of emitted positronium, was obtained. The observed results give a branching ratio for the 33P\ensuremath−23S3^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{P}\ensuremath{-}2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}33P\ensuremath−23S spontaneous decay of (9.7\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi2.7)(9.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7)%(9.7\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi2.7). The present velocity selection technique could allow one to produce an almost monochromatic beam of \ensuremath∼1\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10323S\ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}2^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}3}\mathrm{S}\ensuremath∼1\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10323S atoms with a velocity spread of <104ms\ensuremath−1<{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}<104ms\ensuremath−1 and an angular divergence of \ensuremath∼50\ensuremath{\sim}50\ensuremath∼50 mrad.
Positronium in the 2(3)S metastable state exhibits a low electrical polarizability and a long lifetime (1140 ns), making it a promising candidate for interferometry experiments with a neutral matter-antimatter system. In the present work, 2(3)S positronium is produced, in the absence of an electric field, via spontaneous radiative decay from the 3(3)P level populated with a 205-nm UV laser pulse. Thanks to the short temporal length of the pulse, 1.5 ns full width at half maximum, different velocity populations of a positronium cloud emitted from a nanochanneled positron-positronium converter were selected by delaying the excitation pulse with respect to the production instant. 2(3)S positronium atoms with velocity tuned between 7 x 10(4) ms(-1) and 10 x 10(4) ms(-1) were thus produced. Depending on the selected velocity, a 2(3)S production efficiency ranging from similar to 0.8% to similar to 1.7%, with respect to the total amount of emitted positronium, was obtained. The observed results give a branching ratio for the 3(3)P-2(3)S spontaneous decay of (9.7 +/- 2.7)%. The present velocity selection technique could allow one to produce an almost monochromatic beam of similar to 1 x 10(3) 2(3)S atoms with a velocity spread of <10(4) ms(-1) and an angular divergence of similar to 50 mrad.
We investigate experimentally the possibility of enhancing the production of 23S2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S23S positronium atoms by driving the 13S1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S13S--33P3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P33P and 33P3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P33P--23S2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S23S transitions, overcoming the natural branching ratio limitation of spontaneous decay from 33P3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P33P to 23S2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S23S. The decay of 33P3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P33P positronium atoms toward the 23S2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S23S level has been efficiently stimulated by a 1312.2 nm broadband IR laser pulse. The dependence of the stimulating transition efficiency on the intensity of the IR pulse has been measured to find the optimal enhancement conditions. A maximum relative increase of $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(3.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)$ in the 23S2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S23S production efficiency, with respect to the case in which only spontaneous decay is present, was obtained.
The 33P state of positronium is an intermediate level suitable for producing long-lived positronium states. On one hand, it can be used in a two-step laser excitation scheme from the ground state to Rydberg levels. On the other hand, excitation of positronium to 33P level is a simple pathway for producing metastable 23S positronium atoms by spontaneous radiactive decay. In this work, experiments showing the production of such long-lived levels, using the 33P state as intermediate state, are presented. The characteristics of the two long-lived levels, in view of experiments of deflectometry/interferometry with positronium, are discussed.
The field of experimental positronium physics has advanced significantly in the last few decades, with new areas of research driven by the development of techniques for trapping and manipulating positrons using Surko-type buffer gas traps. Large numbers of positrons (typically ≥106) accumulated in such a device may be ejected all at once, so as to generate an intense pulse. Standard bunching techniques can produce pulses with ns (mm) temporal (spatial) beam profiles. These pulses can be converted into a dilute Ps gas in vacuum with densities on the order of 107 cm−3 which can be probed by standard ns pulsed laser systems. This allows for the efficient production of excited Ps states, including long-lived Rydberg states, which in turn facilitates numerous experimental programs, such as precision optical and microwave spectroscopy of Ps, the application of Stark deceleration methods to guide, decelerate and focus Rydberg Ps beams, and studies of the interactions of such beams with other atomic and molecular species. These methods are also applicable to antihydrogen production and spectroscopic studies of energy levels and resonances in positronium ions and molecules. A summary of recent progress in this area will be given, with the objective of providing an overview of the field as it currently exists, and a brief discussion of some future directions.
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We characterized the pulsed Rydberg-positronium production inside the Antimatter Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy (AEg‾IS\mathrm{AE}\overline{\text{g}}\mathrm{IS}AEg​IS) apparatus in view of antihydrogen formation by means of a charge exchange reaction between cold antiprotons and slow Rydberg-positronium atoms. Velocity measurements on the positronium along two axes in a cryogenic environment ($\ensuremath{\approx}10\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) and in 1T1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}1T magnetic field were performed. The velocimetry was done by microchannel-plate (MCP) imaging of a photoionized positronium previously excited to the n=3n=3n=3 state. One direction of velocity was measured via Doppler scan of this n=3n=3n=3 line, another direction perpendicular to the former by delaying the exciting laser pulses in a time-of-flight measurement. Self-ionization in the magnetic field due to the motional Stark effect was also quantified by using the same MCP-imaging technique for Rydberg positronium with an effective principal quantum number neff{n}_{\mathrm{eff}}neff​ ranging between 14 and 22. We conclude with a discussion about the optimization of our experimental parameters for creating Rydberg positronium in preparation for an efficient pulsed production of antihydrogen.