Active engineering of four-wave mixing spectral correlations in multiband hollow-core fibers
Martin Cordier, Adeline Orieux, Benoît Debord, Frédéric Gérôme, A. Gorse, Matthieu Chafer, E. Diamanti, Philippe Delaye, Fetah Benabid, Isabelle Zaquine
We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a high level of control of the four-wave mixing process in an inert gas-filled inhibited-coupling guiding hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. The specific multiple-branch dispersion profile in such fibers allows both correlated and separable bi-photon states to be produced. By controlling the choice of gas and its pressure and the fiber length, we experimentally generate various joint spectral intensity profiles in a stimulated regime that is transferable to the spontaneous regime. The generated profiles may cover both spectrally separable and correlated bi-photon states and feature frequency tuning over tens of THz, demonstrating a large dynamic control that will be very useful when implemented in the spontaneous regime as a photon pair source.
We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a high level of control of the four-wave mixing process in an inert gas-filled inhibited-coupling guiding hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. The specific multiple-branch dispersion profile in such fibers allows both correlated and separable bi-photon states to be produced. By controlling the choice of gas and its pressure and the fiber length, we experimentally generate various joint spectral intensity profiles in a stimulated regime that is transferable to the spontaneous regime. The generated profiles may cover both spectrally separable and correlated bi-photon states and feature frequency tuning over tens of THz, demonstrating a large dynamic control that will be very useful when implemented in the spontaneous regime as a photon pair source.
We present a comprehensive numerical investigation of entangled photon pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs). By analyzing various fiber geometries, dispersion profiles, and anti-resonant characteristics, we identify optimal configurations that enhance photon-pair generation efficiency. Our study highlights the crucial roles of group velocity dispersion engineering, pump parameters, and phase-matching conditions in shaping the joint spectral amplitude (JSA) of the emitted photons. Utilizing gas-filled or evacuated HC-PCFs significantly reduces Raman noise by minimizing field overlap with the glass, while maintaining strong nonlinear interactions. The results reveal practical regimes for improving spectral purity and heralding efficiency. These findings provide practical design guidelines for scalable, low-noise quantum light sources suitable for quantum communication technologies. We bridge fiber design and nonlinear optics to create a predictive model and practical design charts for application-specific quantum light sources.
We present a comprehensive numerical investigation of entangled photon pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs). By analyzing various fiber geometries, dispersion profiles, and anti-resonant characteristics, we identify optimal configurations that enhance photon-pair generation efficiency. Our study highlights the crucial roles of group velocity dispersion engineering, pump parameters, and phase-matching conditions in shaping the joint spectral amplitude (JSA) of the emitted photons. Utilizing gas-filled or evacuated HC-PCFs significantly reduces Raman noise by minimizing field overlap with the glass, while maintaining strong nonlinear interactions. The results reveal practical regimes for improving spectral purity and heralding efficiency. These findings provide practical design guidelines for scalable, low-noise quantum light sources suitable for quantum communication technologies.
Temporal modes (TM) of light are a promising resource for quantum information as they span a discrete infinite dimensional encoding basis [1]. Additionally, TM are compatible with standard fibered communication as they share the same polarization, carrier frequency and transverse spatial mode properties. Single photons in specific TM can be obtained by Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC) and Spontaneous Four-Wave-Mixing (SFWM) sources. The Joint Spectral Amplitude (JSA), derived from energy and momentum conservation constraints describes the two-photon state and the signal and idler spectral distribution. The Schmidt decomposition of the JSA function : F = n √ λ n S n (ω s)I n (ω i) where the ({S n }) and ({I n }) are the TM basis of the signal and idler photons is sometimes reduced to one non zero term [2] where both signal and idler photons are generated in a single TM, giving rise to a fac-torable state of the pair. This can be achieved if a group velocity matching condition is satisfied (either β 1 (ω p) = β 1 (ω s) or β 1 (ω p) = β 1 (ω i) or 2 β 1 (ω p) = β 1 (ω s) + β 1 (ω i) in the case of SFWM with β 1 the inverse group velocity). Such single TM states are very useful for scalable heralded photon sources [3]. On the contrary, having several non-zero terms in the Schmidt decomposition depicts spectral correlations between the signal and idler which can also be required for others applications. Here we show experimentally in a stimulated regime how the shape of the JSA can be changed for photon pairs produced by FWM in a gas-filled inhibited-coupling (IC) fiber. IC fibers exhibit a discontinuous multiband dispersion where the position of the discontinuities are dictated by the strut thickness [4]. Such exotic dispersion opens new possibilities for the FWM phase matching fulfillment, and thus for tailoring the JSA. With the ability to have the pump and the generated signal and idler photons lying in different dispersion band, group-velocity matching can be easily obtained. We use stimulated emission tomography, which consists in seeding the FWM process with a tunable continuous wave laser, to reconstruct the 2D JSI (= |JSA| 2) as a function of signal and idler wavelengths. With a femtosecond pulsed pump at 1030 nm and a seed laser at telecom wavelength, Figure 1: Simulated JSI for different configurations of length, gas pressure and pump wavelength. Starting from the conditions of (a) P =3bar λp =1085 nm L = 1m, (b-d) correspond to the change of one parameter (b) L = 30 cm (c) P = 2.6 bar (d) λp =985 nm we chose two optimized fibers denoted A and B with struts thickness t=600 nm and inner-diameter d=40 µm and t=1250 nm; d=49 µm (Fig 2). These two fiber designs allow a multi-band FWM. Indeed the signal (fiber A), or both the signal and idler (fiber B) are generated in a different band from the pump. Xenon gas has been chosen because i) no Raman-Scattering can take place in a noble gas, which eliminates the usual main source of noise in fibered photon-pair generation and ii) it exhibits high non-linearity (in the order of 10 −21 m 2 /W at 10 bar). For a given fiber design, pump wavelength, gas pressure and fiber length are three adjustable parameters that can be tuned to access various JSA shapes as can be seen on the simulations in Fig.1. Both single TM or, opposingly, multi-TM can be obtained. Changing the gas pressure impacts the medium dispersion, which results in shifting the JSA and modifying its shape (Fig 1). As a first experimental demonstration in such gas-filled IC fibers, we experimentally reconstruct the JSI for two different fibers (Fig 2) with signal and idler wavelength respectively in the 771 nm and 1550 nm ranges. showing that two very different Schmidt decompositions can be obtained: a quasi factorable state and a correlated state. Figure 2: Fiber cross-section, experimental JSI and corresponding Schmidt decomposition for a 8 tubes IC-fiber and a kagome-IC fiber denoted A and B. In JSI of A the red dashed-lines define the measurement range. The pixelated structure of the JSI of B is due to an insufficient number of measures and will be improved. We have made a new proposal of using multi-dispersion band medium in order to engineer photon-pair time-frequency correlations. For the first time to our knowledge, we implement this technique using gas-filled inhibited-coupling fiber. More configurations are currently being investigated in order to demonstrate the real time tuning possibility in such a medium.
Spectrally pure photons heralded from unentangled photon pair sources are crucial for any quantum optical system reliant on the multiplexing of heralded photons from independent sources. Generation of unentangled photon pairs in gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibers specifically remains an attractive architecture for integration into quantum-optical fiber networks. The dispersion design offered by selection of fiber microstructures and gas pressure allows considerable control over the group-velocity profile which dictates the wavelengths of photon pairs that can be generated without spectral entanglement. Here, we expand on this design flexibility, which has previously been implemented for four-wave mixing, by modeling the use of a static, periodically poled electric field to achieve an effective quasi-phase-matched three-wave mixing nonlinearity that creates spontaneous parametric downconversion. Electric-field-induced quasi-phase-matched spontaneous parametric downconversion enables control of phase matching conditions that is independent of the group velocity, allowing phase matching at arbitrary wavelengths without affecting the entanglement of photons at those wavelengths. This decoupling of entanglement engineering and phase matching facilitates spectrally pure photon pair generation with efficiency and wavelength-tunability that is otherwise unprecedented.
We present a comprehensive numerical investigation of entangled photon pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs). By analyzing various fiber geometries, dispersion profiles, and anti-resonant characteristics, we identify optimal configurations that enhance photon-pair generation efficiency. Our study highlights the crucial roles of group velocity dispersion engineering, pump parameters, and phase-matching conditions in shaping the joint spectral amplitude (JSA) of the emitted photons. Utilizing gas-filled or evacuated HC-PCFs significantly reduces Raman noise by minimizing field overlap with the glass, while maintaining strong nonlinear interactions. The results reveal practical regimes for improving spectral purity and heralding efficiency. These findings provide practical design guidelines for scalable, low-noise quantum light sources suitable for quantum communication technologies.