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arXiv:1803.04768 · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment

Universal dynamics of zero-momentum to plane-wave transition in spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates

Qinzhou Ye, Shuyuan Wu, Xunda Jiang, Chaohong Lee

Published May 1, 2018• 6 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the universal spatiotemporal dynamics in spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates which are driven from the zero-momentum phase to the plane-wave phase. The excitation spectrum reveals that, at the critical point, the Landau critical velocity vanishes and the correlation length diverges. Therefore, according to the Kibble–Zurek mechanism, spatial domains will spontaneously appear in such a quench through the critical point. By simulating the real-time dynamics, we numerically extract the static correlation length critical exponent and the dynamic critical exponent z from the scalings of the temporal bifurcation delay and the spatial domain number. The numerical scalings consist well with the analytical ones obtained by analyzing the excitation spectrum.

DOI
10.1088/1742-5468/aabbd8

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Abstract We investigate the universal spatiotemporal dynamics in spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates which are driven from the zero-momentum phase to the plane-wave phase. The excitation spectrum reveals that, at the critical point, the Landau critical velocity vanishes and the correlation length diverges. Therefore, according to the Kibble–Zurek mechanism, spatial domains will spontaneously appear in such a quench through the critical point. By simulating the real-time dynamics, we numerically extract the static correlation length critical exponent and the dynamic critical exponent z from the scalings of the temporal bifurcation delay and the spatial domain number. The numerical scalings consist well with the analytical ones obtained by analyzing the excitation spectrum.
We investigate the universal dynamics of a continuous magnetic phase transition from a unmagnetized phase to a ferromagnetic phase in a spin-1 spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate. When the system approaches the critical point, the Landau critical velocity gradually decreases to zero and so the correlation length diverges. Therefore, during the slow passage through the critical point, ferromagnetic domains are spontaneously created according to the Kibble-Zurek mechanism. Through calculating the Bogoliubov excitations, we give the Landau critical velocity and the correlation length, from which we derive the Kibble-Zurek scalings. Furthermore, we numerically simulate the critical spatial-temporal dynamics of the bifurcation delay and spontaneous domain formation, and extract the universal scaling exponents. The numerical scalings extracted from the critical spatial-temporal dynamics are very consistent with the scalings derived from the correlation length.
We investigate the non-equilibrium dynamics across the miscible–immiscible phase separation in a binary mixture of Bose–Einstein condensates. The excitation spectra reveal that the Landau critical velocity vanishes at the critical point, where the superfluidity spontaneously breaks down. We analytically extract the dynamical critical exponent z = 2 and static correlation length critical exponent v = 1/2 from the Landau critical velocity. Moreover, by simulating the real-time dynamics across the critical point, we find the average domain number and the average bifurcation delay show universal scaling laws with respect to the quench time. We then numerically extract the static correlation length critical exponent v = 1/2 and the dynamical critical exponent z = 2 according to Kibble–Zurek mechanism. The scaling exponents ( v = 1/2, z = 2) in the phase separation driven by quenching the atom–atom interaction are different from the ones ( v = 1/2, z = 1) in the phase separation driven by quenching the Rabi coupling strength (2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 070401; 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 230402). Our study explores the connections between the spontaneous superfluidity breakdown and the spontaneous defect formation in the phase separation dynamics.
The famous Kibble-Zurek mechanism offers us a significant clue to study quantum phase transitions out of equilibrium. Here, we investigate an intriguing phenomenon of a spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensate by quenching the Raman coupling strength from a high-symmetry phase (nonmagnetic phase) to a low-symmetry phase (magnetic phase). When crossing the critical point, the fluctuation of momentum distribution leads to delayed bifurcation structures. Simultaneously, the domain information emerges in momentum space. Moreover, the universal scalings of spatiotemporal dynamics are extracted from the fluctuations and domains, which manifests homogeneous and inhomogeneous Kibble-Zurek power laws at different timescales. Our work demonstrates a paradigmatic study on the inhomogeneous Kibble-Zurek mechanism.
According to the famous Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM), the universality of spontaneous defect generation in continuous phase transitions (CPTs) can be understood by the critical slowing down. In most CPTs of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), the universality of spontaneous defect generations has been explained by the divergent relaxation time associated with the nontrivial gapless Bogoliubov excitations. However, for atomic BECs in synthetic gauge fields, their spontaneous superfluidity breakdown is resulted from the divergent correlation length associated with the zero Landau critical velocity. Here, by considering an atomic BEC ladder subjected to a synthetic magnetic field, we reveal that the spontaneous superfluidity breakdown obeys the KZM. The Kibble-Zurek scalings are derived from the Landau critical velocity which determines the correlation length. In further, the critical exponents are numerically extracted from the critical spatial-temporal dynamics of the bifurcation delay and the spontaneous vortex generation. Our study provides a general way to explore and understand the spontaneous superfluidity breakdown in CPTs from a single-well dispersion to a double-well one, such as, BECs in synthetic gauge fields, spin-orbit coupled BECs, and BECs in shaken optical lattices.
According to the famous Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM), the universality of spontaneous defect generation in continuous phase transitions (CPTs) can be understood by the critical slowing down. In most CPTs of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), the universality of spontaneous defect generations has been explained by the divergent relaxation time associated with the nontrivial gapless Bogoliubov excitations. However, for atomic BECs in synthetic gauge fields, their spontaneous superfluidity breakdown results from the divergent correlation length associated with the zero Landau critical velocity. Here, by considering an atomic BEC ladder subjected to a synthetic magnetic field, we reveal that the spontaneous superfluidity breakdown obeys the KZM. The Kibble-Zurek scalings are derived from the Landau critical velocity which determines the correlation length. Furthermore, the critical exponents are numerically extracted from the critical spatiotemporal dynamics of the bifurcation delay and the spontaneous vortex generation. Our study provides a general way to explore and understand the spontaneous superfluidity breakdown in CPTs from a single-well dispersion to a double-well one, such as BECs in synthetic gauge fields, spin-orbit-coupled BECs, and BECs in shaken optical lattices.
Quench dynamics of first-order phase transitions in a homogeneous Bose-Einstein condensate with Raman-type spin-orbit coupling is investigated. By adjusting the coupling strength, the system can be driven across the critical point between the plane-wave phase and stripe phase in two opposite directions, and we find the scaling-law behaviors for both processes of phase transitions. This is different from previous studies, which only focus on the quench dynamics in the unidirectional transitions from a higher symmetric phase to a lower symmetric phase. Subsequently, we obtain the power law of the domain numbers (correlation length) and formation time (correlation time) of these phase transitions and extract the critical exponents. The results reveal the effect of the directionality of the phase transition on the dynamic scaling law.