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arXiv:1803.03747 · Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Merging of Rotating Bose–Einstein Condensates

Toshiaki Kanai, Wei Guo, Makoto Tsubota

Published Dec 7, 2018• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1007/s10909-018-2110-1

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We present the simulation results of merging harmonically confined rotating Bose–Einstein condensates in two dimensions. Merging of the condensate is triggered by positioning the rotation axis at the trap minima and moving both condensates toward each other while slowly ramping their rotation frequency. We analyze the dynamics of the merged condensate by letting them evolve under a single harmonic trap. We systematically investigate the formation of solitonic and vortex structures in the final, unified condensate, considering both nonrotating and rotating initial states. In both cases, merging leads to the formation of solitons that decay into vortex pairs through snake instability, and subsequently, these pairs annihilate. Soliton formation and decay-induced phase excitations generate sound waves, more pronounced when the merging time is short. We witness no sound wave generation at sufficiently longer merging times that finally leads to the condensate reaching its ground state. With rotation, we notice off-axis merging (where the rotation axes are not aligned), leading to the distortion and weakening of soliton formation. The incompressible kinetic energy spectrum exhibits a Kolmogorov-like cascade [E(k)∼k−5/3] in the initial stage for merging condensates rotating above a critical frequency and a Vinen-like cascade [E(k)∼k−1] at a later time for all cases. Our findings hold potential significance for atomic interferometry, continuous atomic lasers, and quantum sensing applications.
Rotational Bose-Einstein condensates can exhibit quantized vortices as topological excitations. In this study, the ground and excited states of the rotational Bose-Einstein condensates are systematically studied by calculating the stationary points of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. Various excited states and their connections at different rotational frequencies are revealed in solution landscapes constructed with the constrained high-index saddle dynamics method. Four excitation mechanisms are identified: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, and splitting. We demonstrate changes in the ground state with increasing rotational frequencies and decipher the evolution of the stability of ground states.
It is a common view that rotational motion in a superfluid can exist only in the presence of topological defects, i.e., quantized vortices. However, in our numerical studies on the merging of two concentric Bose-Einstein condensates with axial symmetry in two-dimensional space, we observe the emergence of a spiral dark soliton when one condensate has a nonzero initial angular momentum. This spiral dark soliton enables the transfer of angular momentum between the condensates and allows the merged condensate to rotate even in the absence of quantized vortices. Our examination of the flow field around the soliton strikingly reveals that its sharp endpoint can induce flow like a vortex point but with a fraction of a quantized circulation. This interesting nontopological ``phase defect'' may generate broad interest since rotational motion is essential in many quantum transport processes.