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arXiv:1712.06491

BEC array in a Malleable Optical Trap formed in a Traveling Wave Cavity

D. Naik, Grigor Kuyumjyan, Pandey, D., Philippe Bouyer, Andréa D Bertoldi

Published Dec 18, 2017• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Although quantum degenerate gases of neutral atoms have shown remarkable progress in the study of many body quantum physics, condensed matter physics, precision measurements, and quantum information processing, experimental progress is needed in order to reach their full potential in these fields. More complex spatial geometries as well as novel methods for engineering interesting interactions are needed. Here we demonstrate a novel experimental platform for the realization of quantum degenerate gases with a wide range of tune-ability in the spatial geometries experienced by the atoms and with the possibility of non-trivial long-range interactions both within and between multiple 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). We explore the use of a large mode-volume bow-tie ring cavity resonant at two wavelengths, $λ$ =1560 and 780 nm, for the creation of multiple BECs within a Malleable optical trap which also possesses the ability of photon-mediated long-range interactions. By exciting diverse transverse modes at 1560 nm, we can realize many optical trapping geometries which can open the door to spatial quantum state engineering with cavity-coupled BECs. As representative examples we realize a BEC in the fundamental TEM00 and a double BEC in the TEM01 mode of the cavity. By controlling the power between the fundamental and the higher transverse cavity mode, splitting and merging of cold thermal atomic ensemble is shown as well as the potential of creating more complex trapping geometries such as uniform potentials. Due to the double resonance of the cavity, we can envision a quantum network of BECs coupled via cavity-mediated interactions in non-trivial geometries.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1712.06491

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Although quantum degenerate gases of neutral atoms have shown remarkable progress in the study of many body quantum physics, condensed matter physics, precision measurements, and quantum information processing, experimental progress is needed in order to reach their full potential in these fields. More complex spatial geometries as well as novel methods for engineering interesting interactions are needed. Here we demonstrate a novel experimental platform for the realization of quantum degenerate gases with a wide range of tune-ability in the spatial geometries experienced by the atoms and with the possibility of non-trivial long-range interactions both within and between multiple 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). We explore the use of a large mode-volume bow-tie ring cavity resonant at two wavelengths, λλλ =1560 and 780 nm, for the creation of multiple BECs within a Malleable optical trap which also possesses the ability of photon-mediated long-range interactions. By exciting diverse transverse modes at 1560 nm, we can realize many optical trapping geometries which can open the door to spatial quantum state engineering with cavity-coupled BECs. As representative examples we realize a BEC in the fundamental TEM00 and a double BEC in the TEM01 mode of the cavity. By controlling the power between the fundamental and the higher transverse cavity mode, splitting and merging of cold thermal atomic ensemble is shown as well as the potential of creating more complex trapping geometries such as uniform potentials. Due to the double resonance of the cavity, we can envision a quantum network of BECs coupled via cavity-mediated interactions in non-trivial geometries.
Abstract Although quantum-degenerate gases of neutral atoms have shown remarkable progress in the study of many-body quantum physics, condensed matter physics, precision measurements, and quantum information processing, experimental progress is needed in order to reach their full potential in these fields. More complex spatial geometries as well as novel methods for engineering interesting interactions have to be developed. Here we demonstrate a novel experimental platform for the realization of quantum-degenerate gases with a wide range of tunability in the spatial geometries experienced by the atoms and with the possibility of non-trivial long-range interactions both within and between multiple 87 Rb Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs). We explore the use of a large mode-volume bow-tie ring cavity resonant at two wavelengths, λ = 1560 and 780 nm, for the creation of multiple BECs within a Malleable optical trap which also possesses the ability of photon-mediated long-range interactions. By exciting diverse transverse modes at 1560 nm, we can realize many optical trapping geometries which can open the door to spatial quantum state engineering with cavity-coupled BECs. As representative examples we realize a BEC in the TEM 00 mode and a double BEC in the TEM 01 mode of the cavity. By controlling the power between the fundamental and the higher transverse cavity mode, splitting and merging of cold thermal atomic ensemble is shown as well as the potential of creating more complex trapping geometries such as uniform potentials. Due to the double resonance of the cavity, we can envision a quantum network of BECs coupled via cavity-mediated interactions in non-trivial geometries.
We review the recent developments and the current status in the field of quantum-gas cavity QED. Since the first experimental demonstration of atomic self-ordering in a system composed of a Bose–Einstein condensate coupled to a quantized electromagnetic mode of a high-Q optical cavity, the field has rapidly evolved over the past decade. The composite quantum-gas-cavity systems offer the opportunity to implement, simulate, and experimentally test fundamental solid-state Hamiltonians, as well as to realize non-equilibrium many-body phenomena beyond conventional condensed-matter scenarios. This hinges on the unique possibility to design and control in open quantum environments photon-induced tunable-range interaction potentials for the atoms using tailored pump lasers and dynamic cavity fields. Notable examples range from Hubbard-like models with long-range interactions exhibiting a lattice-supersolid phase, over emergent magnetic orderings and quasicrystalline symmetries, to the appearance of dynamic gauge potentials and non-equilibrium topological phases. Experiments have managed to load spin-polarized as well as spinful quantum gases into various cavity geometries and engineer versatile tunable-range atomic interactions. This led to the experimental observation of spontaneous discrete and continuous symmetry breaking with the appearance of soft-modes as well as supersolidity, density and spin self-ordering, dynamic spin-orbit coupling, and non-equilibrium dynamical self-ordered phases among others. In addition, quantum-gas-cavity setups offer new platforms for quantum-enhanced measurements. In this review, starting from an introduction to basic models, we pedagogically summarize a broad range of theoretical developments and put them in perspective with the current and near future state-of-art experiments.
Scalable quantum computers and quantum networks require the combination of quantum processing nodes with efficient light-matter interfaces to distribute quantum information in local or long-distance quantum networks. Neutral-atom arrays have both been coupled to Rydberg states to enable high-fidelity quantum gates in universal processing architectures, and to optical cavities to realize interfaces to photons. However, combining these two capabilities and coupling atom arrays to highly excited Rydberg states in the mode of an optical cavity has been an outstanding challenge. Here we present a novel cavity-coupled Rydberg array that achieves this long-standing goal. We prepare, detect, and control individual atoms in a scalable optical tweezer array, couple them strongly to the optical mode of a high-finesse optical cavity and excite them in a controlled way to Rydberg states. We show that high-cooperativity coupling to an optical cavity -- demonstrated via the dispersive shift of the resonance of the cavity in presence of the atoms -- and strong Rydberg interactions -- demonstrated via the collective enhancement of Rydberg coupling in the atomic array -- can be achieved in our setup at the same spatial location. Our presented experimental platform opens the path to several new directions, including the realization of quantum network nodes, quantum simulation of long-range interacting, open quantum systems and photonic-state engineering leveraging high-fidelity Rydberg control.
We have used a fiber Fabry-Perot cavity on an atom chip to obtain strong, extremely stable atom-cavity coupling for single atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates trapped inside the cavity. The coherent atom-cavity coupling parameter, g0/2pi ~ 209 MHz, is larger than both cavity decay, kappa/2pi ~ 53 MHz and spontaneous emission gamma/2pi ~ 3 MHz. Due to the small mode volume, these values, well inside the strong coupling regime of cavity QED, are realized with a cavity finesse F ~ 36000, which is a moderate value compared to usual strong-coupling cavity QED experiments. The cavity also achieves a very high cooperativity parameter, C=g02/2kappagamma ~ 130.The use of trapped Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) is a fundamentally new situation for cavity QED, which should enable a new class of experiments, where atoms that share a well-defined internal and external quantum state collectively interact with a quantized mode of the cavity. Besides, as the spatial extension of the BEC assumes the fundamental limit that can be attained for an atom cloud - much smaller than an optical wavelength in our case - an extremely strong, stable and uniform coupling to the cavity mode is achieved. This makes the system interesting for applications such as quantum memories. For single atoms, our combination of high resonator cooperativity with extreme positioning precision enables qubit detection with near-unit efficiency. This realizes a long-awaited milestone for quantum information processing on atom chips.
Creating quantum gases with long-range atom-atom interactions is a vibrant area of current research, possibly leading to the observation of novel quantum phases and phase transitions. In our approach, we couple the external degree of freedom of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the vacuum mode of a high-finesse optical cavity using a non-resonant standing-wave transverse pump beam. This gives rise to a driven-dissipative system with cavity-mediated atom-atom interactions of global range, which are tunable both in magnitude and sign.
Motivated to develop quantum technologies and to study ever-more complex quantum systems,scientists are developing increasingly sophisticated experimental tools to control and\nmeasure quantum samples such as ensembles of ultracold atoms. A high-finesse optical\ncavity can be used to measure the state of atoms within its photonic mode with precision\nlimited only by quantum uncertainty. Such a cavity can also be used to mediate interactions\nbetween different atoms within the cavity mode. High-resolution microscope objectives have\nbeen interfaced with ultracold atom experiments to allow researchers to image single atoms\nwithin optical lattices, to trap single atoms in microtweezer arrays, and to imprint arbitrary\noptical patterns onto atomic ensembles. Among other applications, these technologies have\nallowed researchers to investigate many-body quantum systems, engineer novel interactions,\nand realize high-fidelity quantum operations.This dissertation presents the details of the design, construction, and operation of a new, versatileatomic physics apparatus that combines these two experimental tools. The apparatus\nincludes a high-finesse optical cavity into which atoms are optically transported. In addition,\nthere is a high-numerical-aperture objective aligned to image, with micron-scale resolution,\natoms trapped within the center of the optical cavity. We present results demonstrating\nthe capability of this apparatus to deliver and study ultracold atomic samples, ranging from\nsingle atoms to Bose-Einstein condensates. We demonstrate a dispersive shift of the cavity\nresonance due to the presence of atoms in the cavity mode and the trapping and imaging of\nsingle atoms in optical microtweezers. We also present an atomic scanning probe microscopy\ntechnique with which a single atom in a microtweezer is used to map out the spatial amplitude\npattern of an optical cavity mode standing wave by monitoring the position-dependent\nscattering properties of the atom.