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arXiv:1710.06458 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Weak three-dimensional mediators of two-dimensional triplet pairing

Shane P. Kelly, Shan-Wen Tsai

Published Jan 4, 2018• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recent experiments demonstrate the ability to construct cold-atom mixtures with species-selective optical lattices. This allows for the possibility of a mixed-dimension system, where one fermionic atomic species is confined to a two-dimensional lattice, while another species is confined to a three-dimensional lattice that contains the two-dimensional one. We show that by tuning the density of an arbitrary number of three-dimensional atomic species, we can engineer an arbitrary, rotationally symmetric, density-density, effective interaction for the two-dimensional particles. This possibility allows for an effective interaction that favors triplet pairing for two-dimensional, $\text{SU}(2)$ symmetric particles. Using a functional renormalization-group analysis for the two-dimensional particles, we derive and numerically confirm that the critical temperature for triplet pairing depends exponentially on the effective interaction strength. We then analyze how the stability of this phase is affected by the particle densities and the fine tuning of interaction parameters. We conclude by briefly discussing experimental considerations and the potential to study triplet-pairing physics, including Majorana fermions and spin textures, with cold atoms on optical lattices.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.97.024503

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Recent experiments demonstrate the ability to construct cold-atom mixtures with species-selective optical lattices. This allows for the possibility of a mixed-dimension system, where one fermionic atomic species is confined to a two-dimensional lattice, while another species is confined to a three-dimensional lattice that contains the two-dimensional one. We show that by tuning the density of an arbitrary number of three-dimensional atomic species, we can engineer an arbitrary, rotationally symmetric, density-density, effective interaction for the two-dimensional particles. This possibility allows for an effective interaction that favors triplet pairing for two-dimensional, SU(2)\text{SU}(2)SU(2) symmetric particles. Using a functional renormalization-group analysis for the two-dimensional particles, we derive and numerically confirm that the critical temperature for triplet pairing depends exponentially on the effective interaction strength. We then analyze how the stability of this phase is affected by the particle densities and the fine tuning of interaction parameters. We conclude by briefly discussing experimental considerations and the potential to study triplet-pairing physics, including Majorana fermions and spin textures, with cold atoms on optical lattices.
We investigate the quantum phases of mixed-dimensional cold atom mixtures. In particular, we consider a mixture of a Fermi gas in a two-dimensional lattice, interacting with a bulk Fermi gas or a Bose-Einstein condensate in a three-dimensional lattice. The effective interaction of the two-dimensional system mediated by the bulk system is determined. We perform a functional renormalization group analysis, and demonstrate that by tuning the properties of the bulk system, a subtle competition of several superconducting orders can be controlled among $s\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{wave}, p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{wave}, {d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{wave}$, and ${g}_{xy({x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2})}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{wave}$ pairing symmetries. Other instabilities such as a charge-density-wave order are also demonstrated to occur. In particular, we find that the critical temperature of the $d\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{wave}$ pairing induced by the next-nearest-neighbor interactions can be an order of magnitude larger than that of the same pairing induced by doping in the simple Hubbard model. We expect that by combining the nearest-neighbor interaction with the next-nearest-neighbor hopping (known to enhance $d\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{wave}$ pairing), an even higher critical temperature may be achieved.
Using two-dimensional optical lattices, it has recently become possible to split up clouds of ultra cold atoms into collections of parallel one-dimensional tubes in which the dynamics is restricted to the direction along their axis. Since the Feshbach-resonance interactions among atoms are short ranged, they can be approximated as contact interactions. It is thus possible to realize optical-trap versions of some classic integrable systems first studied by Lieb, Gaudin, Yang and others. Such systems can display exotic physics like spin-charge separation and unusual paired states. We focus on the study of systems of fermions in one-dimension. At finite temperatures, regimes such as the spin-coherent and the spin-incoherent Luttinger liquids can be realized by tuning the inter-atomic interaction strength and trap parameters. We identify the noise correlation of density fluctuations as a robust observable to discriminate between these two regimes. We also address the effects of spin imbalance for the case of attractive interactions, and study the one-dimensional analog of spatially modulated (FFLO) superconducting states. Our focus is on how the temperature affects the density profiles that are being measured in the experiments. The theoretical study of temperature effects in these systems is of experimental relevance for the problem of thermometry.
Ultra-cold fermionic atoms trapped in optical lattices may be a candidate for the discovery of new novel phenomena in condensed matter systems.Experiments afford the creation of virtually any lattice geometry, and physicalparameters of tight binding type lattice models can be acurately and easily tuned. Although some theoretical work has been conducted, few have used the power of the functional renormalization group method to unearth rigorous methods for determining collective many-body phases in this regime. Motivated byrecent theoretical achievements, we investigate novel condensed matter systemsinvolving interacting fermions which are engineered to be confined in differentdimensions. In this sense, we seek low energy effective theories for low-dimensional fermionic lattice systems embedded into higher dimensional lattice systems, and show how tuning physical quantities, such as the fillingor density, can have dramatic effects on the behavior of the lower dimensionalsystem.
We investigate many-body phase diagrams of atomic boson-fermion mixtures loaded in the two-dimensional optical lattice. Bosons mediate an attractive, finite-range interaction between fermions, leading to fermion pairing phases of different orbital symmetries. Specifically, we show that by properly tuning atomic and lattice parameters it is possible to create superfluids with sss-, ppp-, and ddd-wave pairing symmetry as well as spin and charge density wave phases. These phases and their stability are analyzed within the mean-field approximation for systems of $^{40}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ mixtures. For the experimentally accessible regime of parameters, superfluids with unconventional fermion pairing have transition temperature around a percent of the Fermi energy.
Two models are discussed here to illustrate the quantum many-body phenomena in mixtures of ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices. The first model describes a mixture of two species of bosonic atoms of equal masses in optical lattices and the second describes a mixture of heavy bosonic atoms and light fermionic atoms in optical lattices. For both models, we assume the trap is present and use parameters typical in experiment. For the first model, the discussion is aimed at providing a thorough description of the collective behavior of the binary mixture in various interaction regions, with emphasis on two many-body phenomena, pairing and anti-pairing, as a result of the inter-species interaction. The pairing leads to a new type of superfluid order, called the paired superfluid (PSF) and the anti-pairing leads to another type of superfluid order, called the counter-flow superfluid (CFSF). In addition, we discuss the coexistence of charge density wave order with the three superfluid orders in the strong interaction region. We use both Luttinger liquid theory and the time evolving block decimation (TEBD) method to study this model in one dimension. The discussion is organized in three parts: the phase diagram and the correlation functions; the noise correlation functions; and the transport properties. Two phase diagrams are constructed to map the different orders in the parameter space. The correlation functions, include noise correlations, are carefully examined for the determination of the orders and for possible detection methods. In the end, the transport properties of the PSF and CFSF orders are studied through the dipole oscillation induced by trap displacement. For the second model, examining a mixture of heavy bosons and light fermions, the discussion is oriented toward determining the thermal properties of the mixture for attractive inter-species interactions. This work is motivated by experiments creating artificial molecules through optical and magnetic control of ultra-cold atoms. We use the strong coupling (SC) expansion method to evaluate the density profile, the onsite inter-species correlations, the density fluctuations and the entropy per particle. Analytical expressions are derived for all the quantities above as well as the partition function. To benchmark the accuracy, the SC calculations are compared with inhomogeneous dynamical mean field theory (IDMFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. From the calculations, we find that 1) the efficiency of creating pre-formed molecules is significantly increased by confining the mixtures onto optical lattices; 2) the temperature of the mixtures in optical lattices can be reliably estimated through the density gradient and the density fluctuations.
Engineering long-range interactions in cold-atom quantum simulators can lead to exotic quantum many-body behavior. Fermionic atoms in ultracold atomic mixtures can act as mediators, giving rise to long-range Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida-type interactions characterized by the dimensionality and density of the fermionic gas. Here, we propose several tuning knobs, accessible in current experimental platforms, that allow one to further control the range and shape of the mediated interactions, extending the existing quantum simulation toolbox. In particular, we include an additional optical lattice for the fermionic mediator, as well as anisotropic traps to change its dimensionality in a continuous manner. This allows us to interpolate between power-law and exponential decays, introducing an effective cutoff for the interaction range, as well as to tune the relative interaction strengths at different distances. Finally, we show how our approach allows one to investigate frustrated regimes that were not previously accessible, where symmetry-protected topological phases as well as chiral spin liquids emerge.