We show single photon and electron interferences can be calculated without quantum-superposition states by using tensor form (covariant quantization). From the analysis results, the scalar potential which correspond to an indefinite metric vector forms an oscillatory field and causes the interferences. The results clarify the concept of quantum-superposition states is not required for the description of the interference, which leads to an improved understanding of the uncertainty principle and resolution of paradox of reduction of the wave packet, elimination of infinite zero-point energy and derivation of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The results conclude Quantum theory is a kind of deterministic physics without "probabilistic interpretation".
We show single photon and electron interferences can be calculated without quantum-superposition states by using tensor form (covariant quantization). From the analysis results, the scalar potential which correspond to an indefinite metric vector forms an oscillatory field and causes the interferences. The results clarify the concept of quantum-superposition states is not required for the description of the interference, which leads to an improved understanding of the uncertainty principle and resolution of paradox of reduction of the wave packet, elimination of infinite zero-point energy and derivation of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The results conclude Quantum theory is a kind of deterministic physics without "probabilistic interpretation".
In this paper, we propose an alternate interpretation of the quantum theory using objective physical reality that does not depend on the conventional probability interpretation. As typical physical phenomena for the probability interpretation, we consider the single-photon interference, single-electron interference, and EPR correlation experiments using photon polarization. For the calculation using the alternate interpretation, the minus sign derived from the covariant quantization of Maxwell's equations, which is associated with the scalar potential of time axis component of four-vector, is taken as it is as an inevitable request from the theory. We show that both conventional and alternate interpretation derive the identical calculation results for these single photon, single electron interference, and EPR correlation. These alternate calculation processes describe that there is the scalar potential in whole space-time and when there is some geometrical arrangement in the space, the scalar potential forms the oscillatory field of the potential according to the arrangement. It reveals the objective physical reality that the single-photon, single-electron interference, and EPR correlation are generated by the movement of the photons and electrons in the oscillatory field with interference. In addition, we show that the oscillatory field formation of the scalar potential depending on the geometrical arrangement causes energy fluctuation in the space, which enables removal of infinite zero-point energy and causes spontaneous symmetry breaking and Casimir effect. By recognizing the electromagnetic field as an unitary U(1) gauge field and generalizing it to a special unitary SU(2), we also show the uncharged particle, e.g. neutron, interferences are generated by the geometrical arrangement of the SU(2) gauge field. Furthermore, we discuss the origin of the scalar potential by distinguishing the space where the substance exists and the vacuum. Finally, by introducing the extended Lorentz gauge, we propose the alternate solution without physical state and subsidiary condition for the contradiction between Lorentz gauge as an operator equation and the commutation relation in the covariant canonical quantization of Maxwell's equations with the conventional Lorentz gauge. This paper contains the compilation of published author's papers \cite{Morimoto1,Morimoto2} in addition to featured discussions such as the physical reality, uncharged particle interference and alternate proposal for the contradiction between Lorentz gauge as an operator equation and commutation relation.
We present a new explanation for a quantum eraser. Mathematical description of the traditional explanation needs quantum-superposition states. However, the phenomenon can be explained without quantum-superposition states by introducing unobservable potentials which can be identified as an indefinite metric vector. In addition, a delayed choice experiment can also be explained by the interference between the photons and unobservable potentials, which seems like an unreal long-range correlation beyond the causality.
The quantum theory of electromagnetic field, developed by Fermi and Dirac, revealed some difficulties in quantizing this field. Although these difficulties have been considered in numerous publications, the situation was far from clear. Currently, this problem is even more urgent, because quantum properties of electromagnetic field are proposed to use in a number of devices. In this paper we consider the quantization problems anew. Some features of scalar potential quantization are revealed. A basis system of stationary states, which is conventionally normalized, is constructed. This construction made it possible to reject an unnecessary design: the so-called indefinite metric. The requirements to the field state with respect to the Lorentz condition are formulated. A state satisfying the Lorentz condition and describing the state of the Coulomb field is constructed. It is shown that the component of the four-potential of electromagnetic field (the difference component), which describes the Coulomb field, has zero quantum-mechanical uncertainty. The other (sum) component of the four-potential of electromagnetic field has an infinite quantum dispersion or, in other words, infinite quantum-mechanical uncertainty. Apparently, specifically this circumstance served a basis for numerous statements about unobservability of these potentials. However, it is only the aforementioned sum component of the four-potential of electromagnetic field that is in fact unobservable.
Abstract Much of quantum mechanics may be derived if one adopts a very strong form of Mach's Principle, requiring that in the absence of mass, space-time becomes not flat but stochastic. This is manifested in the metric tensor which is considered to be a collection of stochastic variables. The stochastic metric assumption is sufficient to generate the spread of the wave packet in empty space. If one further notes that all observations of dynamical variables in the laboratory frame are contravariant components of tensors, and if one assumes that a Lagrangian can be constructed, then one can derive the uncertainty principle. Finally, the superposition of stochastic metrics and the identification of the square root of minus the determinant of the metric tensor as the indicator of relative probability yields the phenomenon of interference, as will be described for the two-slit experiment.
Schrödinger's cat has long been interpreted by the mainstream as intuitive proof of quantum superposition, but its original intention was Schrödinger's irony and reduction to absurdity of the Copenhagen interpretation. This paper points out that the so-called quantum superposition is not the real physical state of microscopic particles, but the uncertainty phenomenon caused by limited observation methods and inevitable measurement interference. Modern double-slit experiments have realized the emission of single electrons and single photons one by one. Even if only one particle is emitted each time, interference fringes still appear after accumulation. This fact directly proves that each particle has a unique and definite position and path at any time, rather than a superposition state passing through double slits simultaneously. The fundamental reason why a single particle can produce interference is that the particle itself vibrates continuously and has wave properties, rather than a metaphysical superposition state. From the four aspects of original intention, experimental evidence, physical nature and logical judgment, this paper thoroughly clarifies the conceptual substitution of superposition, reveals the objective laws of reality, certainty and uniqueness in the microscopic world, and calls on physics to return to rationality, logic and common sense.
The formation of an obvious interference pattern in the distribution of the probability of the simultaneous hit of two alone photons radiated synchronously from two independent single-photon sources, playing the slits role of Young's experiment first screen, at different points of the second screen, is demonstrated by modeling the photon coordinate wave function. This function is single-photon wave packet built within the framework of the developed quantum mechanics of the photon in previous authors works, which expresses a superposition of six-component “plane waves with circular polarization” - the eigenfunctions of the operators of photon momentum, of its energy and helicity. The results received make it eventual to justify the description of one-and two-photon interference in framework of “primary” quantization of the electromagnetic field, without resorting to the probability amplitudes of quantum field theory, which, in turn, makes it possible to develop a metaphysical interpretation of experiments with single photons, such as quantum computing, quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography. It seems that this interpretation can serve as an impetus for the development of new practical devices and the setting up of new experiments to reveal the physical nature of quantum interactions through the exchange of photons and, in particular, the physical essence displayed by the idea of quantum object wave function.