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arXiv:1706.07755 · Physical Review A

Experimental characterization of quantum polarization of three-photon states

Yosep Kim, Gunnar G. Bjork, Yoon-Ho Kim

Published Sep 22, 2017• 5 citations
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Abstract

We experimentally investigate various quantum polarization features of three-photon quantum states, including product and entangled states with varying purity. The three-photon quantum states are categorized into six classes based on the rotation symmetry of mean, variance, and skewness of the polarization distribution. The representative three-photon quantum states in each category are prepared from double-pair emission from pulsed spontaneous parametric down-conversion and quantum interferometry. We demonstrate that the three-photon quantum states show interesting quantum polarization properties, such as maximum sum-uncertainty and hidden polarizations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.96.033840

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We experimentally investigate various quantum polarization features of three-photon quantum states, including product and entangled states with varying purity. The three-photon quantum states are categorized into six classes based on the rotation symmetry of mean, variance, and skewness of the polarization distribution. The representative three-photon quantum states in each category are prepared from double-pair emission from pulsed spontaneous parametric down-conversion and quantum interferometry. We demonstrate that the three-photon quantum states show interesting quantum polarization properties, such as maximum sum-uncertainty and hidden polarizations.
The aim of this work is to explore the characterization of various entangled parameters of the two-photon state that is created in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion, as well as to investigate the potential application of these two-photon states to quantum communication and quantum information processing. The parameters fall into two natural divisions, the discrete-variable and continuous-variable regimes. Polarization-correlated photon pairs are used to explore the discrete-variable regime. Using these polarization-correlated photon pairs we investigate phasecovariant quantum cloning, sum-variance entanglement measures, and unambiguous state-discrimination. Phase-covariant quantum cloning is experimentally demonstrated to provide higher cloning fidelity than a universal quantum cloner. The simplicity of the practical implementation of this cloning method makes this cloner a useful addition to the quantum information and communication toolbox. Next, it is experimentally demonstrated that three, concatenating, sum-variance entanglement measures possess higher sensitivities than the popular Bell entanglement measure, while each requires fewer measurements than a Bell measurement
Multiphoton entanglement is the basis of many quantum communication schemes, quantum cryptographic protocols, and fundamental tests of quantum theory. For entangled three-qubit states it has been shown that there are two inequivalent classes of states, under stochastic local operations and classical communications. The classes are represented by the GHZ- and W-state. The GHZ-state has been used to prove Bell's theorem without inequality. Contrary to the GHZ-state, the W-state shows high robustness of entanglement against photon loss. Here we show the first experimental results on the observation of the polarization entangled three-photon W-state from spontaneous parametric down-conversion.
Invariant multiqubit entangled states, remaining unchanged under simultaneous identical unitary transformations of all their individual constituents, can be applied for decoherence-free encoding, quantum communication without sharing a common reference frame, telecloning and secret sharing. They also have properties which are interesting in studies of foundations of quantum mechanics. We experimentally generate and characterize such an invariant six-photon polarization entangled state. This is done solely with a suitable filtering procedure of triple emissions of entangled photon pairs from a single source, without any need for interferometric overlaps. We report the experimental observation of the invariant six-photon polarization entangled state, given by the superposition of a six-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and two products of three-qubit states. To verify that we actually are dealing with genuine entanglement we have derived a reduced entanglement witness, capable of affirming genuine six-partite entanglement with only three measurement settings.