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arXiv:1705.05186 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Tensorial dynamics on the space of quantum states

José F. Cariñena, Jesús Clemente-Gallardo, Jorge Alberto Jover-Galtier, Giuseppe Marmo

Published Jul 24, 2017• 12 citations
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Abstract

Abstract A geometric description of the space of states of a finite-dimensional quantum system and of the Markovian evolution associated with the Kossakowski–Lindblad operator is presented. This geometric setting is based on two composition laws on the space of observables defined by a pair of contravariant tensor fields. The first one is a Poisson tensor field that encodes the commutator product and allows us to develop a Hamiltonian mechanics. The other tensor field is symmetric, encodes the Jordan product and provides the variances and covariances of measures associated with the observables. This tensorial formulation of quantum systems is able to describe, in a natural way, the Markovian dynamical evolution as a vector field on the space of states. Therefore, it is possible to consider dynamical effects on non-linear physical quantities, such as entropies, purity and concurrence. In particular, in this work the tensorial formulation is used to consider the dynamical evolution of the symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors and to read off the corresponding limits as giving rise to a contraction of the initial Jordan and Lie products.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/aa8182

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Abstract A geometric description of the space of states of a finite-dimensional quantum system and of the Markovian evolution associated with the Kossakowski–Lindblad operator is presented. This geometric setting is based on two composition laws on the space of observables defined by a pair of contravariant tensor fields. The first one is a Poisson tensor field that encodes the commutator product and allows us to develop a Hamiltonian mechanics. The other tensor field is symmetric, encodes the Jordan product and provides the variances and covariances of measures associated with the observables. This tensorial formulation of quantum systems is able to describe, in a natural way, the Markovian dynamical evolution as a vector field on the space of states. Therefore, it is possible to consider dynamical effects on non-linear physical quantities, such as entropies, purity and concurrence. In particular, in this work the tensorial formulation is used to consider the dynamical evolution of the symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors and to read off the corresponding limits as giving rise to a contraction of the initial Jordan and Lie products.
The subject of this thesis is the geometry of the space of quantum states. The aim of this thesis is to present a geometrical analysis of the structural properties of this space, being them of ``kinematical'' or ``dynamical'' character. We will see that the space of quantum states of finite-dimensional systems may be partitioned into the union of disjoint orbits of the complexification of the unitary group. These orbits are the manifolds of quantum states with fixed rank. On the one hand, we will compute the two-parameter family of quantum metric tensors associated with the two-parameter family of quantum q-z-Renyi relative entropies on the manifold of invertible quantum states (maximal rank). Using the powerful language of differential geometry we are able to perform all the computations in an arbitrary number of (finite) dimensions without the need to introduce explicit coordinate systems. On the other hand, we will develop a geometrization of the GKLS equation for the dynamical evolution of Markovian open quantum systems. Specifically, we will write the GKLS generator by means of an affine vector field on an affine space, and we will decompose this vector field into the sum of a Hamiltonian vector field, a gradient-like vector field, and a so-called Kraus vector field. This geometrization will be used in order to analyze and completely characterize the asymptotic behaviour of the dynamical evolutions known as quantum random unitary semigroups by means of the so-called purity function. Finally, we will comment on the possibility of extending the results presented to the infinite-dimensional case, and to the case of multipartite quantum systems.
We develop a Lie-Jordan geometric formulation of finite-dimensional open quantum dynamics, building on the algebraic framework introduced in our previous work (arXiv:2606.26477). The Hilbert-Schmidt operator space is endowed with an orthonormal Hermitian basis, in which the commutator and anticommutator are encoded by the structure tensors CμνλC_{μν}{}^λCμν​λ and BμνλB_{μν}{}^λBμν​λ. Within this formulation, the von Neumann and Gorini-Kossakowski-Lindblad-Sudarshan equations admit a direct component representation. Our central result is the identification of a basis-independent universal trilinear dissipative map, D(X,Y)Z=XZY−12{YX,Z}, \mathcal D(X,Y)Z=XZY-\frac12\{YX,Z\}, D(X,Y)Z=XZY−21​{YX,Z}, whose components define a universal operator-space tensor depending only on the Lie-Jordan structure tensors. The physical dissipator is obtained by contracting this tensor with the expansion coefficients of the Lindblad operators and the Kossakowski matrix, thereby separating the universal algebraic structure from the model-dependent physical information. We further show that the combinations (B+C)(B+C)(B+C) and (B−C)(B-C)(B−C) generate internal left and right transports, allowing the elementary dissipative map to be expressed as a left-right bimodule action corrected by an ordered Jordan contribution. The universal map satisfies basis-independent trace and Hermitian-conjugation identities, from which trace preservation, Hermiticity preservation of the complete dissipator, and the reality of its component representation in a Hermitian Hilbert-Schmidt basis follow. We also derive its Hilbert-Schmidt adjoint and illustrate the formalism for a qubit with pure dephasing and amplitude-damping channels. This construction provides a tensorial and affine-geometric interpretation of the universal superoperator structure derived in arXiv:2606.26477 while keeping the algebraic and model-dependent sectors explicitly separated.
On the affine space containing the space [Formula: see text] of quantum states of finite-dimensional systems, there are contravariant tensor fields by means of which it is possible to define Hamiltonian and gradient vector fields encoding the relevant geometrical properties of [Formula: see text]. Guided by Dirac’s analogy principle, we will use them as inspiration to define contravariant tensor fields, Hamiltonian and gradient vector fields on the affine space containing the space of fair probability distributions on a finite sample space and analyze their geometrical properties. Most of our considerations will be dealt with for the simple example of a three-level system.
The Jordan product on the self-adjoint part of a finite-dimensional C * -algebra A is shown to give rise to Riemannian metric tensors on suitable manifolds of states on A , and the covariant derivative, the geodesics, the Riemann tensor, and the sectional curvature of all these metric tensors are explicitly computed. In particular, it is proved that the Fisher-Rao metric tensor is recovered in the Abelian case, that the Fubini-Study metric tensor is recovered when we consider pure states on the algebra B ( H ) of linear operators on a finite-dimensional Hilbert space H , and that the Bures-Helstrom metric tensors is recovered when we consider faithful states on B ( H ) . Moreover, an alternative derivation of these Riemannian metric tensors in terms of the GNS construction associated to a state is presented. In the case of pure and faithful states on B ( H ) , this alternative geometrical description clarifies the analogy between the Fubini-Study and the Bures-Helstrom metric tensor.
The geometrical description of a Hilbert space associated with a quantum system considers a Hermitian tensor to describe the scalar inner product of vectors which are now described by vector fields. The real part of this tensor represents a flat Riemannian metric tensor while the imaginary part represents a symplectic two-form. The immersion of classical manifolds in the complex projective space associated with the Hilbert space allows to pull-back tensor fields related to previous ones, via the immersion map. This makes available, on these selected manifolds of states, methods of usual Riemannian and symplectic geometry. Here, we consider these pulled-back tensor fields when the immersed submanifold contains separable states or entangled states. Geometrical tensors are shown to encode some properties of these states. These results are not unrelated with criteria already available in the literature. We explicitly deal with some of these relations.
A natural way to generalize tensor network variational classes to quantum field systems is via a continuous tensor contraction. This approach is first illustrated for the class of quantum field states known as continuous matrix-product states (cMPS). As a simple example of the path-integral representation we show that the state of a dynamically evolving quantum field admits a natural representation as a cMPS. A completeness argument is also provided that shows that all states in Fock space admit a cMPS representation when the number of variational parameters tends to infinity. Beyond this, we obtain a well-behaved field limit of projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) in two dimensions that provide an abstract class of quantum field states with natural symmetries. We demonstrate how symmetries of the physical field state are encoded within the dynamics of an auxiliary field system of one dimension less. In particular, the imposition of Euclidean symmetries on the physical system requires that the auxiliary system involved in the class' definition must be Lorentz-invariant. The physical field states automatically inherit entropy area laws from the PEPS class, and are fully described by the dissipative dynamics of a lower dimensional virtual field system. Our results lie at the intersection many-body physics, quantum field theory and quantum information theory, and facilitate future exchanges of ideas and insights between these disciplines.