Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:0911.3082 · International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics

CLASSICAL TENSORS AND QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT I: PURE STATES

Paolo Aniello, Jesús Clemente-Gallardo, Giuseppe Marmo, G. F. Volkert

Published May 1, 2010• 24 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The geometrical description of a Hilbert space associated with a quantum system considers a Hermitian tensor to describe the scalar inner product of vectors which are now described by vector fields. The real part of this tensor represents a flat Riemannian metric tensor while the imaginary part represents a symplectic two-form. The immersion of classical manifolds in the complex projective space associated with the Hilbert space allows to pull-back tensor fields related to previous ones, via the immersion map. This makes available, on these selected manifolds of states, methods of usual Riemannian and symplectic geometry. Here, we consider these pulled-back tensor fields when the immersed submanifold contains separable states or entangled states. Geometrical tensors are shown to encode some properties of these states. These results are not unrelated with criteria already available in the literature. We explicitly deal with some of these relations.

DOI
10.1142/s0219887810004300

Related papers

Tensor Fields on Orbits of Quantum States and Applications

G. F. Volkert

On classical Lie groups, which act by means of a unitary representation on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces H, we identify two classes of tensor field constructions. First, as pull-back tensor fields of order two from modified Hermitian tensor fields, constructed on Hilbert spaces by means of the property of having the vertical distributions of the C_0-principal bundle H_0 over the projective Hilbert space P(H) in the kernel. And second, directly constructed on the Lie group, as left-invariant representation-dependent operator-valued tensor fields (LIROVTs) of arbitrary order being evaluated on a quantum state. Within the NP-hard problem of deciding whether a given state in a n-level bi-partite quantum system is entangled or separable (Gurvits, 2003), we show that both tensor field constructions admit a geometric approach to this problem, which evades the traditional ambiguity on defining metrical structures on the convex set of mixed states. In particular by considering manifolds associated to orbits passing through a selected state when acted upon by the local unitary group U(n)xU(n) of Schmidt coefficient decomposition inducing transformations, we find the following results: In the case of pure states we show that Schmidt-equivalence classes which are Lagrangian submanifolds define maximal entangled states. This implies a stronger statement as the one proposed by Bengtsson (2007). Moreover, Riemannian pull-back tensor fields split on orbits of separable states and provide a quantitative characterization of entanglement which recover the entanglement measure proposed by Schlienz and Mahler (1995). In the case of mixed states we highlight a relation between LIROVTs of order two and a class of computable separability criteria based on the Bloch-representation (de Vicente, 2007).

•Jan 1, 2010•3 citations

CLASSICAL TENSORS FROM QUANTUM STATES

Paolo Aniello, Giuseppe Marmo, G. F. Volkert

The embedding of a manifold M into a Hilbert-space ℍ induces, via the pull-back, a tensor field on M out of the Hermitian tensor on ℍ. We propose a general procedure to compute these tensors in particular for Manifolds admitting a Lie-Group structure.

arXiv:0807.2161•International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics•May 1, 2009•12 citations

CLASSICAL TENSORS AND QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT II: MIXED STATES

Paolo Aniello, Jesús Clemente-Gallardo, Giuseppe Marmo +1 more

Invariant operator-valued tensor fields on Lie groups are considered. These define classical tensor fields on Lie groups by evaluating them on a quantum state. This particular construction, applied on the local unitary group U(n) × U(n), may establish a method for the identification of entanglement monotone candidates by deriving invariant functions from tensors being by construction invariant under local unitary transformations. In particular, for n = 2, we recover the purity and a concurrence related function (Wootters 1998) as a sum of inner products of symmetric and anti-symmetric parts of the considered tensor fields. Moreover, we identify a distinguished entanglement monotone candidate by using a non-linear realization of the Lie algebra of SU(2) × SU(2). The functional dependence between the latter quantity and the concurrence is illustrated for a subclass of mixed states parametrized by two variables.

arXiv:1011.5859•International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics•Mar 28, 2011•8 citations

A geometric Hamiltonian description of composite quantum systems and quantum entanglement

Davide Pastorello

Finite-dimensional Quantum Mechanics can be geometrically formulated as a proper classical-like Hamiltonian theory in a projective Hilbert space. The description of composite quantum systems within the geometric Hamiltonian framework is discussed in this paper. As summarized in the first part of this work, in the Hamiltonian formulation the phase space of a quantum system is the Kähler manifold given by the complex projective space P(H) of the Hilbert space H of the considered quantum theory. However the phase space of a bipartite system must be P(H1 ⊗ H2) and not simply P(H1) × P(H2) as suggested by the analogy with Classical Mechanics. A part of this paper is devoted to manage this problem. In the second part of the work, a definition of quantum entanglement and a proposal of entanglement measure are given in terms of a geometrical point of view (a rather studied topic in recent literature). Finally two known separability criteria are implemented in the Hamiltonian formalism.

arXiv:1408.1839•International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics•Mar 29, 2015•12 citations

Geometric Entanglement Entropy on Projective Hilbert Space

Loris Di Cairano

Entanglement for pure bipartite states is most commonly quantified in a state-by-state manner to each pure state of a bipartite system a scalar quantity, such as the von Neumann entropy of a reduced density matrix. This provides a precise local characterization of how entangled a given state is. At the same time, this local description naturally invites a set of complementary, more global questions about the structure of the space of pure states: How abundant are the states with a given amount of entanglement within the full state space? Do the manifolds of constant entanglement exhibit distinct geometric regimes? These questions shift the focus from assigning an entanglement value to a single state to understanding the global organization and geometry of entanglement across the entire manifold of pure states. In this work, we develop a geometric framework in which these questions become natural. We regard the projective Hilbert space of pure states, endowed with the Fubini-Study metric, as a Riemannian manifold and promote bipartite entanglement to a macroscopic functional on this manifold. Its level sets stratify the space of pure states into hypersurfaces of constant entanglement, and we define a geometric entanglement entropy as the log-volume of these hypersurfaces, weighted by the Fubini-Study gradient of entanglement. This quantity plays the role of a microcanonical entropy in entanglement space: it measures the degeneracy of a given entanglement value in the natural quantum geometry. The framework is illustrated first in the simplest case of a single spin-1/2 and then for bipartite entanglement of spin systems, including a two-qubit example where explicit calculations can be carried out, along with a sketch of the extension to spin chains.

quant-pharXiv:2511.21186•Physical Review A•Nov 27, 2025•1 citation

Clifford Algebras and Geometry of Entanglement

Isamu Imahori

In this thesis, the complex Clifford algebra and its representation are introduced as a foundation of our geometrical description of quantum states. An inner product and a metric are defined on the matrix representation in a natural way, so that it has the structure of a Hilbert space and a Riemannian manifold. In particular, the set of D x D pure density operators which de-scribe n-qubit pure states, where D = 2\\(^n\\) and n is a natural number, is characterised as the set of D x D positive operators whose associated quadratic forms satisfy the Fierz identities and the normalisation condition. Then this set is, in fact, nothing but the complex projective space ‚Äövëvá‚Äövëv¥\\(^{D-1}\\). Further-more, the fibre bundle S\\(^{2D-1}\\) ‚Äövúv¿ ‚Äövëvá‚Äövëv¥\\(^{D-1}\\) is derived from the construction of the space of D x D pure density operators, and its bundle projection provides the natural correspondence between the two formulations of quantum mechanics, namely, the state vector formulation and the density operator formulation. The single qubit state case and the two-qubit pure state case are ex-plored intensively as examples. For the single qubit case, both pure and mixed states are discussed explicitly in terms of the Clifford algebra description along with the `mixedness' of a single qubit state, and the Riemannian structure of the space of single qubit pure density operators is examined. For the two-qubit case, the Clifford algebra description is discussed explicitly in relation to the Fierz identities, and, by employing the reduced density operators, it is shown that the concurrence of a two-qubit pure density operator coincides with the 'mixedness' of the reduced density operators. In addition, from this viewpoint, the \EPR paradox\" is examined as a more geometrically precise illustrated example."

•Jan 1, 2008•0 citations
The geometrical description of a Hilbert space associated with a quantum system considers a Hermitian tensor to describe the scalar inner product of vectors which are now described by vector fields. The real part of this tensor represents a flat Riemannian metric tensor while the imaginary part represents a symplectic two-form. The immersion of classical manifolds in the complex projective space associated with the Hilbert space allows to pull-back tensor fields related to previous ones, via the immersion map. This makes available, on these selected manifolds of states, methods of usual Riemannian and symplectic geometry. Here, we consider these pulled-back tensor fields when the immersed submanifold contains separable states or entangled states. Geometrical tensors are shown to encode some properties of these states. These results are not unrelated with criteria already available in the literature. We explicitly deal with some of these relations.
On classical Lie groups, which act by means of a unitary representation on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces H, we identify two classes of tensor field constructions. First, as pull-back tensor fields of order two from modified Hermitian tensor fields, constructed on Hilbert spaces by means of the property of having the vertical distributions of the C_0-principal bundle H_0 over the projective Hilbert space P(H) in the kernel. And second, directly constructed on the Lie group, as left-invariant representation-dependent operator-valued tensor fields (LIROVTs) of arbitrary order being evaluated on a quantum state. Within the NP-hard problem of deciding whether a given state in a n-level bi-partite quantum system is entangled or separable (Gurvits, 2003), we show that both tensor field constructions admit a geometric approach to this problem, which evades the traditional ambiguity on defining metrical structures on the convex set of mixed states. In particular by considering manifolds associated to orbits passing through a selected state when acted upon by the local unitary group U(n)xU(n) of Schmidt coefficient decomposition inducing transformations, we find the following results: In the case of pure states we show that Schmidt-equivalence classes which are Lagrangian submanifolds define maximal entangled states. This implies a stronger statement as the one proposed by Bengtsson (2007). Moreover, Riemannian pull-back tensor fields split on orbits of separable states and provide a quantitative characterization of entanglement which recover the entanglement measure proposed by Schlienz and Mahler (1995). In the case of mixed states we highlight a relation between LIROVTs of order two and a class of computable separability criteria based on the Bloch-representation (de Vicente, 2007).
Invariant operator-valued tensor fields on Lie groups are considered. These define classical tensor fields on Lie groups by evaluating them on a quantum state. This particular construction, applied on the local unitary group U(n) × U(n), may establish a method for the identification of entanglement monotone candidates by deriving invariant functions from tensors being by construction invariant under local unitary transformations. In particular, for n = 2, we recover the purity and a concurrence related function (Wootters 1998) as a sum of inner products of symmetric and anti-symmetric parts of the considered tensor fields. Moreover, we identify a distinguished entanglement monotone candidate by using a non-linear realization of the Lie algebra of SU(2) × SU(2). The functional dependence between the latter quantity and the concurrence is illustrated for a subclass of mixed states parametrized by two variables.
Finite-dimensional Quantum Mechanics can be geometrically formulated as a proper classical-like Hamiltonian theory in a projective Hilbert space. The description of composite quantum systems within the geometric Hamiltonian framework is discussed in this paper. As summarized in the first part of this work, in the Hamiltonian formulation the phase space of a quantum system is the Kähler manifold given by the complex projective space P(H) of the Hilbert space H of the considered quantum theory. However the phase space of a bipartite system must be P(H1 ⊗ H2) and not simply P(H1) × P(H2) as suggested by the analogy with Classical Mechanics. A part of this paper is devoted to manage this problem. In the second part of the work, a definition of quantum entanglement and a proposal of entanglement measure are given in terms of a geometrical point of view (a rather studied topic in recent literature). Finally two known separability criteria are implemented in the Hamiltonian formalism.
Entanglement for pure bipartite states is most commonly quantified in a state-by-state manner to each pure state of a bipartite system a scalar quantity, such as the von Neumann entropy of a reduced density matrix. This provides a precise local characterization of how entangled a given state is. At the same time, this local description naturally invites a set of complementary, more global questions about the structure of the space of pure states: How abundant are the states with a given amount of entanglement within the full state space? Do the manifolds of constant entanglement exhibit distinct geometric regimes? These questions shift the focus from assigning an entanglement value to a single state to understanding the global organization and geometry of entanglement across the entire manifold of pure states. In this work, we develop a geometric framework in which these questions become natural. We regard the projective Hilbert space of pure states, endowed with the Fubini-Study metric, as a Riemannian manifold and promote bipartite entanglement to a macroscopic functional on this manifold. Its level sets stratify the space of pure states into hypersurfaces of constant entanglement, and we define a geometric entanglement entropy as the log-volume of these hypersurfaces, weighted by the Fubini-Study gradient of entanglement. This quantity plays the role of a microcanonical entropy in entanglement space: it measures the degeneracy of a given entanglement value in the natural quantum geometry. The framework is illustrated first in the simplest case of a single spin-1/2 and then for bipartite entanglement of spin systems, including a two-qubit example where explicit calculations can be carried out, along with a sketch of the extension to spin chains.
In this thesis, the complex Clifford algebra and its representation are introduced as a foundation of our geometrical description of quantum states. An inner product and a metric are defined on the matrix representation in a natural way, so that it has the structure of a Hilbert space and a Riemannian manifold. In particular, the set of D x D pure density operators which de-scribe n-qubit pure states, where D = 2\\(^n\\) and n is a natural number, is characterised as the set of D x D positive operators whose associated quadratic forms satisfy the Fierz identities and the normalisation condition. Then this set is, in fact, nothing but the complex projective space ‚Äövëvá‚Äövëv¥\\(^{D-1}\\). Further-more, the fibre bundle S\\(^{2D-1}\\) ‚Äövúv¿ ‚Äövëvá‚Äövëv¥\\(^{D-1}\\) is derived from the construction of the space of D x D pure density operators, and its bundle projection provides the natural correspondence between the two formulations of quantum mechanics, namely, the state vector formulation and the density operator formulation. The single qubit state case and the two-qubit pure state case are ex-plored intensively as examples. For the single qubit case, both pure and mixed states are discussed explicitly in terms of the Clifford algebra description along with the `mixedness' of a single qubit state, and the Riemannian structure of the space of single qubit pure density operators is examined. For the two-qubit case, the Clifford algebra description is discussed explicitly in relation to the Fierz identities, and, by employing the reduced density operators, it is shown that the concurrence of a two-qubit pure density operator coincides with the 'mixedness' of the reduced density operators. In addition, from this viewpoint, the \EPR paradox\" is examined as a more geometrically precise illustrated example."