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arXiv:1702.02913 · Physical review. E

Convergence radius of perturbative Lindblad-driven nonequilibrium steady states

Humberto C. F. Lemos, Tomaž Prosen

Published Apr 24, 2017• 6 citations
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Abstract

We address the problem of analyzing the radius of convergence of perturbative expansion of nonequilibrium steady states of Lindblad-driven spin chains. A simple formal approach is developed for systematically computing the perturbative expansion of small driven systems. We consider the paradigmatic model of an open XXZ spin-1/2 chain with boundary-supported ultralocal Lindblad dissipators and treat two different perturbative cases: (i) expansion in the system-bath coupling parameter and (ii) expansion in the driving (bias) parameter. In the first case (i) we find that the radius of convergence quickly shrinks with increasing the system size, while in the second case (ii) we find that the convergence radius is always larger than 1, and in particular it approaches 1 from above as we change the anisotropy from an easy-plane (XY) to an easy-axis (Ising) regime.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.95.042137

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We address the problem of analyzing the radius of convergence of perturbative expansion of nonequilibrium steady states of Lindblad-driven spin chains. A simple formal approach is developed for systematically computing the perturbative expansion of small driven systems. We consider the paradigmatic model of an open XXZ spin-1/2 chain with boundary-supported ultralocal Lindblad dissipators and treat two different perturbative cases: (i) expansion in the system-bath coupling parameter and (ii) expansion in the driving (bias) parameter. In the first case (i) we find that the radius of convergence quickly shrinks with increasing the system size, while in the second case (ii) we find that the convergence radius is always larger than 1, and in particular it approaches 1 from above as we change the anisotropy from an easy-plane (XY) to an easy-axis (Ising) regime.
State-of-the-art approaches to extract transport coefficients of many-body quantum systems broadly fall into two categories: (i) they target the linear-response regime in terms of equilibrium correlation functions of the closed system; or (ii) they consider an open-system situation typically modeled by a Lindblad equation, where a nonequilibrium steady state emerges from driving the system at its boundaries. While quantitative agreement between (i) and (ii) has been found for selected model and parameter choices, also disagreement has been pointed out in the literature. Studying magnetization transport in the spin-1/21/21/2 XXZ chain, we here demonstrate that at weak driving, the nonequilibrium steady state in an open system, including its buildup in time, can remarkably be constructed just on the basis of correlation functions in the closed system. We numerically illustrate this direct correspondence of closed-system and open-system dynamics, and show that it allows the treatment of comparatively large open systems, usually only accessible to matrix product state simulations. We also point out potential pitfalls when extracting transport coefficients from nonequilibrium steady states in finite systems.
Understanding the physics of the integrable spin-1/2 XXZ chain has witnessed substantial progress, due to the development and application of sophisticated analytical and numerical techniques. In particular, infinite-temperature magnetization transport has turned out to range from ballistic, over superdiffusive, to diffusive behavior in different parameter regimes of the anisotropy. Since integrability is rather the exception than the rule, a crucial question is the change of transport under integrability-breaking perturbations. This question includes the stability of superdiffusion at the isotropic point and the change of diffusion constants in the easy-axis regime. In our work, we study this change of diffusion constants by a variety of methods and cover both, linear response theory in the closed system and the Lindblad equation in the open system, where we throughout focus on periodic boundary conditions. In the closed system, we compare results from the recursion method to calculations for finite systems and find evidence for a continuous change of diffusion constants over the full range of perturbation strengths. In the open system weakly coupled to baths, we find diffusion constants in quantitative agreement with the ones in the closed system in a range of nonweak perturbations, but disagreement in the limit of weak perturbations. Using a simple model in this limit, we point out the possibility of a diverging diffusion constant in such an open system.
Abstract We investigate the non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) in an open quantum XXZ chain attached at the ends to polarization baths with unequal polarizations. Using the general theory developed in Popkov (2017 Phys. Rev . A 95 052131), we show that in the critical XXZ | Δ | < 1 easy plane case, the steady current in large systems under strong driving shows resonance-like behaviour, by an infinitesimal change of the spin chain anisotropy or other parameters. Alternatively, by fine tuning the system parameters and varying the boundary dissipation strength, we observe a change of the NESS current from diffusive (of order 1 / N , for small dissipation strength) to ballistic regime (of order 1, for large dissipation strength). This drastic change results from an accompanying structural change of the NESS, which becomes a pure spin-helix state characterized by a winding number which is proportional to the system size. We calculate the critical dissipation strength needed to observe this surprising effect.
Nonequilibrium steady states (NESSs) in periodically driven dissipative quantum systems are vital in Floquet engineering. We develop a general theory for high-frequency drives with Lindblad-type dissipation to characterize and analyze NESSs. This theory is based on the high-frequency (HF) expansion with linear algebraic numerics and without numerically solving the time evolution. Using this theory, we show that NESSs can deviate from the Floquet-Gibbs state depending on the dissipation type. We also show the validity and usefulness of the HF-expansion approach in concrete models for a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a kicked open XY spin chain with topological phase transition under boundary dissipation, and the Heisenberg spin chain in a circularly-polarized magnetic field under bulk dissipation. In particular, for the isotropic Heisenberg chain, we propose the dissipation-assisted terahertz (THz) inverse Faraday effect in quantum magnets. Our theoretical framework applies to various time-periodic Lindblad equations that are currently under active research.
In this paper, we provide two extensions of recent explicit results on the matrix-product ansatz for the non-equilibrium steady state of a Markovian boundary-driven anisotropic Heisenberg XXZ spin-1/2 chain. We write a perturbative solution for the steady-state density matrix in the system–bath coupling for an arbitrary (asymmetric) set of four spin-flip rates at the two chain ends, generalizing the symmetric-driving ansatz of Prosen (2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 217206). Furthermore, we generalize the exact (non-perturbative) form of the steady state for just two Lindblad channels (spin-up flipping on the left and spin-down flipping on the right) to an arbitrary (asymmetric) ratio of the spin-flipping rates (Prosen 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 137201). In addition, we also indicate a simple proof of the uniqueness of our steady states.
We develop a method of calculating the nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) of an open quantum system that is weakly coupled to reservoirs in different equilibrium states. We describe the system using a Redfield-type quantum master equation (QME). We decompose the Redfield QME into a Lindblad-type QME and the remaining part R\mathcal{R}R. Regarding the steady state of the Lindblad QME as the unperturbed solution, we perform a perturbative calculation with respect to R\mathcal{R}R to obtain the NESS of the Redfield QME. The NESS thus determined is exact up to the first order in the system-reservoir coupling strength (pump/loss rate), which is the same as the order of validity of the QME. An advantage of the proposed method in numerical computation is its applicability to systems larger than those in methods of directly solving the original Redfield QME. We apply the method to a noninteracting fermion system to obtain an analytical expression of the NESS density matrix. We also numerically demonstrate the method in a nonequilibrium quantum spin chain.