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arXiv:1701.07828 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Metallic phases from disordered (2+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics

Pallab Goswami, Hart Goldman, S. Raghu

Published Jun 26, 2017• 26 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Metallic phases have been observed in several disordered two-dimensional (2D) systems, including thin films near superconductor-insulator transitions and quantum Hall systems near plateau transitions. The existence of 2D metallic phases at zero temperature generally requires an interplay of disorder and interaction effects. Consequently, experimental observations of 2D metallic behavior have largely defied explanation. We formulate a general stability criterion for strongly interacting, massless Dirac fermions against disorder, which describe metallic ground states with vanishing density of states. We show that (2+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$) with a large, even number of fermion flavors remains metallic in the presence of weak scalar potential disorder due to the dynamic screening of disorder by gauge fluctuations. We also show that ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$ with weak mass disorder exhibits a stable, dirty metallic phase in which both interactions and disorder play important roles.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.95.235145

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Metallic phases have been observed in several disordered two-dimensional (2D) systems, including thin films near superconductor-insulator transitions and quantum Hall systems near plateau transitions. The existence of 2D metallic phases at zero temperature generally requires an interplay of disorder and interaction effects. Consequently, experimental observations of 2D metallic behavior have largely defied explanation. We formulate a general stability criterion for strongly interacting, massless Dirac fermions against disorder, which describe metallic ground states with vanishing density of states. We show that (2+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED3{\mathrm{QED}}_{3}QED3​) with a large, even number of fermion flavors remains metallic in the presence of weak scalar potential disorder due to the dynamic screening of disorder by gauge fluctuations. We also show that QED3{\mathrm{QED}}_{3}QED3​ with weak mass disorder exhibits a stable, dirty metallic phase in which both interactions and disorder play important roles.
The interplay of disorder and dimensionality governs the emergence and stability of electronic phases in quantum materials and quantum phase transitions among them. While three-dimensional (3D) dirty Fermi liquids and Weyl semimetals support robust metallic states, undergoing disorder-driven Anderson localization transitions at strong disorder and the later ones exhibiting additional semimetal-to-metal transition at moderate disorder, conventional two-dimensional (2D) non-interacting systems localize for arbitrarily weak disorder. Here, we show that 2D disordered projected branes, constructed by systematically integrating out degrees of freedom from a 3D cubic lattice via the Schur decomposition, faithfully reproduce the full quantum phase diagram of their 3D parent systems. Using large-scale exact diagonalization and kernel polynomial method, we numerically demonstrate that 2D projected branes host stable metallic and semimetallic phases. Remarkably, the critical exponents governing the semimetal-to-metal and metal-insulator transitions on such 2D projected branes are sufficiently close to those of their 3D counterparts. Our findings thus establish 2D projected branes as genuine quantum holographic images of their higher-dimensional disordered parent crystals, supporting stable semimetallic and metallic phases that are otherwise inaccessible in conventional 2D lattices. Finally, we point to experimentally accessible metamaterial platforms, most notably the photonic lattices with tunable refractive-index disorder, as promising systems to realize and probe these phenomena.
Quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions (QED3{\mathrm{QED}}_{3}QED3​) is a strongly coupled conformal field theory (CFT) of a U(1) gauge field coupled to 2N2N2N two-component massless fermions. The N=2N=2N=2 CFT has been proposed as a ground state of the spin-1/2 kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet. We study QED3{\mathrm{QED}}_{3}QED3​ in the presence of weak quenched disorder in its two spatial directions. When the disorder explicitly breaks the fermion flavor symmetry from SU(2N)\mathrm{SU}(2N)SU(2N) $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ U(1) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ SU(N)\mathrm{SU}(N)SU(N) but preserves time-reversal symmetry, we find that the theory flows to a nontrivial fixed line at nonzero disorder with a continuously varying dynamical critical exponent z>1z>1z>1. We determine the zero-temperature flavor (spin) conductivity along the critical line. Our calculations are performed in the large-NNN limit, and the disorder is handled using the replica method.
We reconcile the possible presence of a quantum critical point in metal insulator transition phenomena in two-dimensional electron systems with observed electronic properties in the low resistivity region which are those of a weakly disordered Fermi liquid. The central issue of whether the ground state of an interacting 2D electron system in the presence of weak potential scattering from disorder is a metal or an insulator remains unresolved. Additional new effects which may become important at extremely low electron densities are briefly mentioned.
We study the effects of electron-electron interactions in disordered metals in and close to two dimensions (2D). We consider physical situations in which localization effects are suppressed. The field-theoretical renormalization-group (RG) calculation performed recently by Finkelstein is interpreted and rederived in terms of perturbative results. Surprisingly, except for the density of states, the scaling behavior is independent of the interaction range. We further extend the model to several new universality classes. In the presence of a strong magnetic field the metal is unstable in 2D and undergoes a metal-insulator transition in $d=2+\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. The conductivity exponent, defined by $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\sim}{(n\ensuremath{-}{n}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, is universal with $\ensuremath{\mu}=1+O(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ but N(EF)N({E}_{F})N(EF​) depends not only on the range of the interaction but also on its strength for short-ranged interactions. In 2D the conductivity has a universal temperature dependence [$\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}(T)={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{N}(2\ensuremath{-}2\mathrm{ln}2)\mathrm{ln}(T\ensuremath{\tau})$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{N}=\frac{{e}^{2}}{2{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\ensuremath{\hbar}}$] if the interaction is Coulombic. If magnetic impurities (or strong spin-orbit scattering with a weak magnetic field) are present instead, the noninteracting fixed point is stable for short-ranged interactions ($\ensuremath{\mu}=\frac{1}{2}$). For the Coulomb interaction the interaction is relevant and drives a metal-insulator transition in $d=2+\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ with universal critical properties ($\ensuremath{\mu}=1$). In 2D the conductivity also has a universal temperature dependence [$\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}(T)={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{N}\mathrm{ln}(T\ensuremath{\tau})$]. We also discuss the behavior of the dielectric constant on the insulator side and the frequency (temperature) dependence of the conductivity at criticality. Remarks are made on the relationship of the above to experiments.
Four-component massive and massless Dirac fermions in the presence of long range Coulomb interaction and chemical potential disorder exhibit striking fermionic quantum criticality. For an odd number of flavors of Dirac fermions, the sign of the Dirac mass distinguishes the topological and the trivial band insulator phases, and the gapless semimetallic phase corresponds to the quantum critical point that separates the two. Up to a critical strength of disorder, the semimetallic phase remains stable, and the universality class of the direct phase transition between two insulating phases is unchanged. Beyond the critical strength of disorder the semimetallic phase undergoes a phase transition into a disorder controlled diffusive metallic phase, and there is no longer a direct phase transition between the two types of insulating phases.
We present a theory of the metal-insulator transition in a disordered two-dimensional electron gas. A quantum critical point, separating the metallic phase, which is stabilized by electronic interactions, from the insulating phase, where disorder prevails over the electronic interactions, has been identified. The existence of the quantum critical point leads to a divergence in the density of states of the underlying collective modes at the transition, causing the thermodynamic properties to behave critically as the transition is approached. We show that the interplay of electron-electron interactions and disorder can explain the observed transport properties and the anomalous enhancement of the spin susceptibility near the metal-insulator transition.