A quantum mechanics representation based on position ($\vec{r}$), linear momentum($\vec{p}$) and energy($E$) eigenvalues is presented here. A set of equations, explicitly independent on wave function, was derived relating these observables. In this view, a particle has a known trajectory and at any point on space there is a linear momentum associated. Trajectory here, can be viewed as if a measurement were taken continuously. This picture does not change current quantum mechanics interpretation, rather it comes as a new route of calculation. Also, wave function can be retrieved performing an integration in all space for linear momentum. Equations derived in this work, present a potential dependent on linear momentum originating what we call quantum force. A particle experiences a total force whose resultant is composed by classic and quantum force, evolving on time according to it. In terms of evaluation, a single particle could be described by a set of auxiliary particles named as wave particles(WP). They will start with a range of initial conditions and will collectively describe probabilistic aspects of quantum mechanics. We expect this route could be applied to many problems, such as multi-body systems.
A quantum mechanics representation based on position (r), linear momentum(p) and energy(E) eigenvalues is presented here. A set of equations, explicitly independent on wave function, was derived relating these observables. In this view, a particle has a known trajectory and at any point on space there is a linear momentum associated. Trajectory here, can be viewed as if a measurement were taken continuously. This picture does not change current quantum mechanics interpretation, rather it comes as a new route of calculation. Also, wave function can be retrieved performing an integration in all space for linear momentum. Equations derived in this work, present a potential dependent on linear momentum originating what we call quantum force. A particle experiences a total force whose resultant is composed by classic and quantum force, evolving on time according to it. In terms of evaluation, a single particle could be described by a set of auxiliary particles named as wave particles(WP). They will start with a range of initial conditions and will collectively describe probabilistic aspects of quantum mechanics. We expect this route could be applied to many problems, such as multi-body systems.
A quantum mechanics representation based on position (r), linear momentum(p) and energy(E) eigenvalues is presented here. A set of equations, explicitly independent on wave function, was derived relating these observables. In this view, a particle has a known trajectory and at any point on space there is a linear momentum associated. Trajectory here, can be viewed as if a measurement were taken continuously. This picture does not change current quantum mechanics interpretation, rather it comes as a new route of calculation. Also, wave function can be retrieved performing an integration in all space for linear momentum. Equations derived in this work, present a potential dependent on linear momentum originating what we call quantum force. A particle experiences a total force whose resultant is composed by classic and quantum force, evolving on time according to it. In terms of evaluation, a single particle could be described by a set of auxiliary particles named as wave particles(WP). They will start with a range of initial conditions and will collectively describe probabilistic aspects of quantum mechanics. We expect this route could be applied to many problems, such as multi-body systems.
Classical mechanics is usually valid at the macro scale. The changes in the position and the momentum of the object over time are described by the Hamiltonian equation of motion. The wave function in quantum mechanics, if unobserved, evolves in a smooth and continuous way according to the Schrodinger equation, which is related to the Hamiltonian equation of motion. This equation describes a linear superposition of different states at time. A quantum mechanical description of a physical system is related to a probabilistic representation; it is described by a vector in Hilbert space. This description extends the two- or three-dimensional Euclidean space into spaces that have any finite or infinite number of dimensions. The state of a compound system is projected to the subspace that corresponds to the observed state and the vector representing the state is renormalized to the unit length. An observable describes a subspace for some dimensions with a special case of one dimension.
The starting point of this research is a representation of a quantum particle according to the Schrodinger equation of the conventional quantum mechanics. In this representation, a quantum particle is described by a wave packet in the coordinate space and the conjugated wave packet in the momentum space. The problem is that while in the coordinate space the group velocity is in agreement with one of the Hamilton equations, the group velocity in the momentum space is in contradiction with the other Hamilton equation - a minus sign is missing. Group velocities in agreement with the Hamilton equations are obtained only when in the time dependent phase of a quantum particle wave packet, instead of the Hamiltonian coming from the conventional Schrodinger equation, the Lagrangian is considered. This suggests us to consider the relativistic Lagrangian in the time dependent phase. In this way, the conventional relativistic principle of invariance of the time-space interval gets the more physically understandable form of the invariance of the time dependent phase of a quantum particle - the time dependent phase of a quantum particle is the same in any system of coordinates. Based on the relativistic time dependent phase invariance of a quantum particle, from the group velocities of this particle the relativistic kinematics and dynamics are obtained. The interaction with an electromagnetic field is described by a modification of the time dependent phase with a scalar potential conjugated to time and a vector potential conjugated to the space coordinates. In this paper, we find that, according to the formalism of the general relativity, any matter element in a field of forces is accelerated only perpendicularly to its velocity. This means that the matter propagation of a quantum particle can be conceived in planes perpendicular to velocity, while the mater distribution can be considered in a Fourier representation - quantum waves. We study the quantum particle dynamics in gravitational waves and derive the graviton spin. We consider a quantum particle in electromagnetic field and obtain a Schrödinger-Dirac-type equation, with additional terms describing the velocity dependence of the particle dynamics.
The behavior of classical macroscopic particles – from baseballs to planets – is governed by Newtonian mechanics as we have described in the first chapters of this book. The behavior of very small particles, on the other hand, is governed by an entirely different collection of equations and rules that go under the name of “quantum mechanics” and these particles are referred to as quantum particles. These rules have analogies to classical mechanics, but are fundamentally different and somewhat mysterious as we discussed in Chapter 8. The fundamental principles of quantum mechanics cannot be proven to be correct. They were developed based on the results of experimental observation, by analogy with classical mechanics, and through the consideration of logical implications of the formalisms used. There is no way to derive the fundamental elements of quantum mechanics, any more than one could predict from first principles that Newtonian forces should add as vectors. On the other hand, quantum mechanics is among the most rigorously tested theories in science, and the predictions of quantum mechanics have, so far, always been in agreement with experiment. In this chapter, we will present quantum mechanics as a series of postulates and examine their implications in application to simple one-dimensional systems. In the next chapter we will examine quantum effects in real systems including atoms, molecules, crystals, and artificially engineered nano-structures. Postulates of quantum mechanics QM Postulate 1: A quantum particle is described by a wave function Ψ( x , y , z , t ) which is a function of spatial coordinates and time. All physically determinable quantities can be derived from the wave function Ψ( x , y , z , t ) ; quantities which cannot be found from the wave function are not physically meaningful. Note that some things that one could ask about a quantum particle, for example the exact position and simultaneous exact momentum of a particle, are not derivable from the wave function and are therefore considered indeterminate (or uncertain ). These are things which cannot ever be known about a particle, and, as such, they are meaningless to contemplate.
In a previous paper, we showed that the Hamilton equations of motion of a quantum particle are obtained as group velocities of the wave packet describing this particle only if the time dependent phase of a particle wave is proportional to the Lagrangian, not to the Hamiltonian as in a solution of the conventional Schrodinger equation. When a Lagrangian of relativistic form is considered, the wave packet of a quantum particle takes a physical form, with a finite spectrum of a cut off velocity (c). Based on a relativistic quantum principle, asserting the invariance of the time dependent phase for an arbitrary change of coordinates, we obtained the relativistic kinematics and dynamics, the electromagnetic field equations, the spin and the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. When the Lagrangian is considered as a function of the Hamiltonian, we obtain a Schrodinger type equation with an additional term depending on the velocity and the momentum operator. Based on this equation, we investigate the dynamics of a relativistic quantum particle. In this framework, such a particle is described as a continuous distribution of conservative matter, according to the general theory of relativity. In an electromagnetic field, any time dependent phase variation is modified with a term proportional to a vector potential conjugated to the spatial coordinates and a scalar potential conjugated to time. However, this classical description tells us nothing about the structure of the physical world. Only Quantum Mechanics tells us something about the structure of this world. Namely, that this world is composed of species of identical quantum particles. On one hand, experimentally, it has been found that these particles are of a wavy nature. On the other hand, one could find that the simplest way to define a quantum particle is by a wave packet, with momenta conjugated to coordinates and energy conjugated to time Consider a quantum particle as a wave packet, and find that the group velocities in the coordinate and momentum spaces are in agreement with the Hamilton equations only when the Lagrangian is considered in the time dependent phases, instead of the Hamiltonian in the conventional forms of these waves as solutions of the Schrodinger equation. We define a relativistic quantum principle, and derive a wave equation for a relativistic quantum particle, the relativistic kinematics and dynamics of the particle waves, the Maxwell equations and the Lorentz force of a field interacting with the particle waves, the relativistic transform of such a field, and the spin as a characteristic of the particle waves. We consider a quantum particle as a distribution of conservative matter propagating according to the General Theory of Relativity. We obtain the dynamics of this matter in a gravitational field, the propagation in plane waves perpendicular to geodesic tracks, and equations of conservation. We describe the matter dynamics as a positively defined density and show that, according to the general theory of relativity, such a distribution can be conceive only as of a fragment of matter with a finite mass equal to a mass , as a characteristic of the matter dynamics, – the matter quantization. The group velocities of the Fourier conjugate representations in the coordinate and momentum spaces describe the dynamics of a quantum particle in agreement with the Hamiltonian equations. Under the action of an external (non-gravitational) field, the acceleration of the quantum matter has two components: 1) A component perpendicular to the velocity, given by the relativistic mechanical component of the time dependent phase, and 2) A component given by the additional field terms of this phase. A free quantum particle is described by a non-dispersing wave function , contrary to the solution of the Schrodinger equation. A coherent electromagnetic field, in resonance with a system of active quantum particles in a Fabry-Perot cavity, has a wave vector approximately proportional to the metric elements, as the resonance frequency is approximately constant – a gravitational wave can be detected by the transmission characteristics of an active Fabry-Perot cavity. In a constant gravitational field, a quantum particle undertakes a velocity and an acceleration, which, at the boundary of a black hole are null – absorption and evaporation processes at the boundary of a black hole arise only by gravitational perturbations. Generally, a quantum particle is described by a time-space volume, called graviton, with a spin 2, and a distribution of a specific matter in this volume, with a half-integer spin for Fermions and an integer spin for Bosons. A graviton Lagrangian is obtained as a curvature integral on a graviton volume, and a Hamiltonian tensor is obtained for the gravitational coordinates and velocities. In a gravitational field, the time space coordinates are deformed. In such a field, any plane wave remains perpendicular geodesic, while an additional acceleration is possible in the wave plane.
The time-independent Schroedinger and Klein-Gordon equations - as well as any other Helmholtz-like equation - were recently shown to be associated with exact sets of ray-trajectories (coupled by a "Wave Potential" function encoded in their structure itself) describing any kind of wave-like features, such as diffraction and interference. This property suggests to view Wave Mechanics as a direct, causal and realistic, extension of Classical Mechanics, based on exact trajectories and motion laws of point-like particles "piloted" by de Broglie's matter waves and avoiding the probabilistic content and the wave-packets both of the standard Copenhagen interpretation and of Bohm's theory.