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arXiv:1612.06961 · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

On the Design of Secure Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

Biao He, An Liu, Nan Yang, Vincent K. N. Lau

Published Jul 17, 2017• 208 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This paper proposes a new design of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) under secrecy considerations. We focus on a NOMA system, where a transmitter sends confidential messages to multiple users in the presence of an external eavesdropper. The optimal designs of decoding order, transmission rates, and power allocated to each user are investigated. Considering the practical passive eavesdropping scenario where the instantaneous channel state of the eavesdropper is unknown, we adopt the secrecy outage probability as the secrecy metric. We first consider the problem of minimizing the transmit power subject to the secrecy outage and quality of service constraints, and derive the closed-form solution to this problem. We then explore the problem of maximizing the minimum confidential information rate among users subject to the secrecy outage and transmit power constraints, and provide an iterative algorithm to solve this problem. We find that the secrecy outage constraint in the studied problems does not change the optimal decoding order for NOMA, and one should increase the power allocated to the user whose channel is relatively bad when the secrecy constraint becomes more stringent. Finally, we show the advantage of NOMA over orthogonal multiple access in the studied problems both analytically and numerically.

DOI
10.1109/jsac.2017.2725698

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This paper proposes a new design of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) under secrecy considerations. We focus on a NOMA system, where a transmitter sends confidential messages to multiple users in the presence of an external eavesdropper. The optimal designs of decoding order, transmission rates, and power allocated to each user are investigated. Considering the practical passive eavesdropping scenario where the instantaneous channel state of the eavesdropper is unknown, we adopt the secrecy outage probability as the secrecy metric. We first consider the problem of minimizing the transmit power subject to the secrecy outage and quality of service constraints, and derive the closed-form solution to this problem. We then explore the problem of maximizing the minimum confidential information rate among users subject to the secrecy outage and transmit power constraints, and provide an iterative algorithm to solve this problem. We find that the secrecy outage constraint in the studied problems does not change the optimal decoding order for NOMA, and one should increase the power allocated to the user whose channel is relatively bad when the secrecy constraint becomes more stringent. Finally, we show the advantage of NOMA over orthogonal multiple access in the studied problems both analytically and numerically.
With non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in a passive eavesdropping scenario, we tackle the maximization of the secrecy rate for the strong user subject to a maximum allowable secrecy outage probability while guaranteeing a constraint on the transmission rate to the weak user. For the first time, the dependence between the eavesdropper's ability to conduct successive interference cancellation and her channel quality is considered. We determine the exact optimal power allocation and redundancy rate, based on which the cost of security in terms of the reduction in the strong user's secrecy rate is examined, and the benefits of NOMA for secure transmissions are revealed.
In this letter, we investigate the information security problem for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks against an external eavesdropper. Considering the overhead of the channel state information (CSI) feedback, we utilize the quantized CSI during the secure NOMA transmission, and derive the secrecy rate for each receiver by adopting the successive interference cancellation. In order to optimally allocate the transmit power, an optimization problem is formulated such that the minimum secrecy rate of the receivers is maximized. For the proposed scheme, we also analyze the secrecy outage and transmission outage probabilities, and their closed-form expressions are derived. In addition, the security-reliability tradeoff is analyzed. Numerical results are demonstrated to verify the analytical results.
With non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA), we tackle the maximization of the secrecy rate for the strong user subject to a maximum allowable secrecy outage probability, while guaranteeing a constraint on the transmission rate to the weak user. For the first time, the dependence between the eavesdropper's ability to conduct successive interference cancellation and her channel quality is considered. We determine the optimal power allocation and the redundancy rate, based on which the cost of security in terms of the reduction in the strong user's secrecy rate is examined and the benefits of NOMA for secure transmissions are explicitly revealed.
Spectrally-efficient secure non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has recently attained a substantial research interest for fifth generation development. This work explores crucial security issue in NOMA which is stemmed from utilizing the decoding concept of successive interference cancellation. Considering untrusted users, we design a novel secure NOMA transmission protocol to maximize secrecy fairness among users. A new decoding order for two users' NOMA is proposed that provides positive secrecy rate to both users. Observing the objective of maximizing secrecy fairness between users under given power budget constraint, the problem is formulated as minimizing the maximum secrecy outage probability (SOP) between users. In particular, closed-form expressions of SOP for both users are derived to analyze secrecy performance. SOP minimization problems are solved using pseudoconvexity concept, and optimized power allocation (PA) for each user is obtained. Asymptotic expressions of SOPs, and optimal PAs minimizing these approximations are obtained to get deeper insights. Further, globally-optimized power control solution from secrecy fairness perspective is obtained at a low computational complexity and, asymptotic approximation is obtained to gain analytical insights. Numerical results validate the correctness of analysis, and present insights on optimal solutions. Finally, we present insights on global-optimal PA by which fairness is ensured and gains of about 55.12%, 69.30%, and 19.11%, respectively are achieved, compared to fixed PA and individual users' optimal PAs.
In this paper, we investigate secure transmission in a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system in the presence of an active eavesdropper. To enhance secrecy performance, we propose two approaches. The first is a novel cooperative NOMA architecture, in which the cell-edge user generates a jamming signal to degrade the eavesdropper’s channel condition. The second is a novel opportunistic scheduling scheme, referred to as the minimum antenna selection (MAS) scheme, which selects the transmit antenna at the source node to minimize the maximum eavesdropper channel capacity between the cell-center and cell-edge users. We derive closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of both the cell-center and cell-edge users to characterize the impact of various network parameters on secrecy performance. Through numerical results, we analyze the impact of the source, cell-center, and cell-edge users’ transmit power on the SOP; the impact of the power allocation coefficient, target secrecy rate, and eavesdropper transmit power on the total SOP; and the impact of the distance between the source node and the eavesdropper, as well as the distance between the cell-center user and the eavesdropper, on the secrecy sum throughput (SST). These results demonstrate that the proposed cooperative NOMA architecture and the MAS scheme can effectively protect confidential messages against active eavesdropping attacks.
Designing a secure non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system has recently sparked a lot of interest among researchers due to its competency over bandwidth utilization. This paper addresses the critical security issue that arises from the adoption of successive interference cancellation based decoding approach in a two-user untrusted NOMA scenario. With the objective of maximizing secrecy fairness between users, a joint optimization problem of power allocation and decoding order is investigated to maximize the minimum ergodic secrecy rate between users. The optimized solutions are obtained by proposing a low computational complexity iterative method. In addition, closed-form optimal solutions based on a tight approximation are presented. Finally, numerical simulations validate the key nontrivial analytical claims and demonstrate that substantial performance gain is achieved over existing benchmark schemes.