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arXiv:1612.02068 · Physical Review Letters

Magnetically Induced Optical Transparency on a Forbidden Transition in Strontium for Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy

Matthew N. Winchester, Matthew A. Norcia, Julia Cline, James K. Thompson

Published Jun 26, 2017• 39 citations
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Abstract

In this Letter we realize a narrow spectroscopic feature using a technique that we refer to as magnetically induced optical transparency. A cold ensemble of ^{88}Sr atoms interacts with a single mode of a high-finesse optical cavity via the 7.5 kHz linewidth, spin forbidden ^{1}S_{0} to ^{3}P_{1} transition. By applying a magnetic field that shifts two excited state Zeeman levels, we open a transmission window through the cavity where the collective vacuum Rabi splitting due to a single level would create destructive interference for probe transmission. The spectroscopic feature approaches the atomic transition linewidth, which is much narrower than the cavity linewidth, and is highly immune to the reference cavity length fluctuations that limit current state-of-the-art laser frequency stability.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.118.263601

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•Jan 1, 2006•2 citations
In this Letter we realize a narrow spectroscopic feature using a technique that we refer to as magnetically induced optical transparency. A cold ensemble of ^{88}Sr atoms interacts with a single mode of a high-finesse optical cavity via the 7.5 kHz linewidth, spin forbidden ^{1}S_{0} to ^{3}P_{1} transition. By applying a magnetic field that shifts two excited state Zeeman levels, we open a transmission window through the cavity where the collective vacuum Rabi splitting due to a single level would create destructive interference for probe transmission. The spectroscopic feature approaches the atomic transition linewidth, which is much narrower than the cavity linewidth, and is highly immune to the reference cavity length fluctuations that limit current state-of-the-art laser frequency stability.
Magnetically induced optical transparency (MIOT) is a technique to realize the narrow transmission spectrum in a cavity quantum electrodynamics system, which is demonstrated in a recent experiment of cold 88Sr^{88}\mathrm{Sr}88Sr atoms in an optical cavity [M. N. Winchester, M. A. Norcia, J. R. K. Cline, and J. K. Thompson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 263601 (2017)]. In this experiment, MIOT induces a new narrow transmission window for the probe beam, which is highly immune to the fluctuation of the cavity mode frequency. The linewidth of this transmission window approaches the decay rate of the electronic 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ state [about $(2\ensuremath{\pi})\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}7.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}]$ and is much less than the uncertainty of the cavity mode frequency [about $(2\ensuremath{\pi})\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}150\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}]$. In this paper, we propose an approach to further reduce the linewidth of this MIOT-induced transmission window, with the help of two Raman beams which couple the electronic 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ state to the 3S1^{3}S_{1}3S1​ state, and the 3S1^{3}S_{1}3S1​ state to the 3P0^{3}P_{0}3P0​ state, respectively. With this approach, one can reduce the transmission linewidth by orders of magnitude. Moreover, the peak value of the relative transmission power or the transmission rate of the probe beam is almost unchanged by the Raman beams, and the peak position is insensitive to the average frequency of the two Raman beams.
We report on the all-optical detection of Rydberg states in an effusive atomic beam of strontium atoms using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Using narrow-linewidth CW lasers we obtain an EIT linewidth of 5MHz. To illustrate the high spectroscopic resolution offered by this method, we have measured isotope shifts of the 5s18d(1)D(2) and 5s19s(1)S(0) Rydberg states. This technique could be applied to high-resolution, non-destructive measurements of ultra-cold Rydberg gases and plasmas.
We report on the all-optical detection of Rydberg states in an effusive atomic beam of strontium atoms using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Using narrow-linewidth CW lasers we obtain an EIT linewidth of 5 MHz. To illustrate the high spectroscopic resolution offered by this method, we have measured isotope shifts of the 5s18d 1 D 2 and 5s19s 1 S 0 Rydberg states. This technique could be applied to high-resolution, non-destructive measurements of ultra-cold Rydberg gases and plasmas.
We study the nonlinear interaction of a cold sample of 88Sr^{88}\mathrm{Sr}88Sr atoms coupled to a single mode of a low finesse optical cavity in the so-called bad cavity limit, and we investigate the implications for applications to laser stabilization. The atoms are probed on the weak intercombination line $|5{s}^{2}{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{1}{S}_{0}\ensuremath{\rangle}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}|5s5p{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{P}_{1}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ at 689 nm in a strongly saturated regime. Our measured observables include the atomic induced phase shift and absorption of the light field transmitted through the cavity represented by the complex cavity transmission coefficient. We demonstrate high signal-to-noise-ratio measurements of both quadratures---the cavity transmitted phase and absorption---by employing frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy (noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical-heterodyne molecular spectroscopy). We also show that when FM spectroscopy is employed in connection with a cavity locked to the probe light, observables are substantially modified compared to the free-space situation in which no cavity is present. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamics of the phase dispersion slope is experimentally investigated, and the optimal conditions for laser stabilization are established. Our experimental results are compared to state-of-the-art cavity QED theoretical calculations.
Today's narrowest linewidth lasers are limited by mirror motion in the reference optical resonator used to stabilize the laser's frequency.Recent proposals suggest that superradiant lasers based on narrow dipoleforbidden transitions in cold alkaline earth atoms could offer a way around this limitation.Such lasers operating on transitions with linewidth of order mHz are predicted to achieve output spectra orders of magnitude narrower than any currently existing laser.As a step towards this goal, we demonstrate and study a laser based on the 7.5-kHz linewidth dipole-forbidden 3 P 1 to 1 S 0 transition in laser-cooled and tightly confined 88 Sr.We can operate this laser in the bad-cavity or superradiant regime, where coherence is primarily stored in the atoms, or continuously tune to the more conventional good-cavity regime, where coherence is primarily stored in the light field.We show that the cold-atom gain medium can be repumped to achieve quasi-steady-state lasing.We also demonstrate up to an order of magnitude suppression in the sensitivity of laser frequency to changes in cavity length, verifying a key feature of the proposed narrow linewidth lasers.
We report on our progress toward the realization of an optical frequency standard referenced to strontium intercombination lines. While first frequency measurement of the weakly allowed 1S 0- 3P 1 transition was done with saturation spectroscopy on a thermal beam, we are preparing the experimental setup for high resolution spectroscopy on ultracold atoms of the doubly forbidden 1S 0- 3P 0 line. Our current setup allows the capture more than 10 7 atoms at 1 μK in 500 ms in two stages of magneto-optical trapping. We also demonstrated the dipole trapping of ultracold strontium isotopes for accurate spectroscopy and collisional measurements. A semiconductor laser source at 698 nm has already been locked to a pre-stabilization cavity obtaining a fast linewidth of less than 1 kHz. Second stage stabilization of the clock laser to ultra-high finesse cavity is in development. Recent measurement of elastic and inelastic cross-sections of the two most abundant 88Sr and 86Sr isotopes are also presented.