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arXiv:1611.02076 · Physical Review A

Number of superclasses of four-qubit entangled states under the inductive entanglement classification

Miriam Backens

Published Feb 21, 2017• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

L. Lamata et al. use an inductive approach to classify the entangled pure states of four qubits under stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) [Phys. Rev. A 75, 022318 (2007)]. The inductive method yields a priori ten entanglement superclasses, of which they discard three as empty. One of the remaining superclasses is split into two, resulting in eight superclasses of genuine four-qubit entanglement. Here, we show that two of the three discarded superclasses are in fact nonempty and should have been retained. We give explicit expressions for the canonical states of those superclasses, up to SLOCC and qubit permutations. Furthermore, we confirm that the third discarded superclass is indeed empty, yielding a total of ten superclasses of genuine four-qubit entanglement under the inductive classification scheme.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.95.022329

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L. Lamata et al. use an inductive approach to classify the entangled pure states of four qubits under stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) [Phys. Rev. A 75, 022318 (2007)]. The inductive method yields a priori ten entanglement superclasses, of which they discard three as empty. One of the remaining superclasses is split into two, resulting in eight superclasses of genuine four-qubit entanglement. Here, we show that two of the three discarded superclasses are in fact nonempty and should have been retained. We give explicit expressions for the canonical states of those superclasses, up to SLOCC and qubit permutations. Furthermore, we confirm that the third discarded superclass is indeed empty, yielding a total of ten superclasses of genuine four-qubit entanglement under the inductive classification scheme.
Using an inductive approach to classify multipartite entangled states under stochastic local operations and classical communication introduced recently by the authors [Phys. Rev. A 74, 052336 (2006)], we give the complete classification of four-qubit entangled pure states. Apart from the expected degenerate classes, we show that there exist eight inequivalent ways to entangle four qubits. In this respect, permutation symmetry is taken into account and states with a structure differing only by parameters inside a continuous set are considered to belong to the same class.
It is a recent observation that entanglement classification for qubits is closely related to stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) invariants. Verstraete et al.[ Phys. Rev. A 65 (2002) 052112 ] showed that for pure states of four qubits there are nine different degenerate SLOCC entanglement classes. Li et al.[ Phys. Rev. A 76 (2007) 052311 ] showed that there are at feast 28 distinct true SLOCC entanglement classes for four qubits by means of the SLOCC invariant and semi-invariant. We give 16 different entanglement classes for four qubits by means of basic SLOCC invariants.
Abstract Classification of multipartite pure states via the local unitary (LU) equivalence or the stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) equivalence is a fundamental task in investigating multipartite entanglement. It is shown in the seminal paper (2000 Phys . Rev . A 62 062314) that pure states of three qubits can be partitioned into six SLOCC classes. We explore here a necessary and sufficient condition for LU equivalence of pure states for any SLOCC class via Acín et al ’s Schmidt coefficients (ASC) of three qubits in (2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1560). We show that the LU equivalent states in W SLOCC class have the same ASC irrespective of phases while there are generally two different ASCs for the LU equivalent states in GHZ SLOCC class (irrespective of phases for some subclass). Consequently, we obtain a complete LU classification of three qubit pure states in the sense of ASC. Moreover, we discuss the choice among the different ASCs and then propose an approach to find a unique ASC for any given three qubit pure state. At last we analyse the entanglement/separability of the marginal states of the two inequivalent genuine entangled SLOCC classes. We find that any bipartite marginal states of the W SLOCC class are entangled, and that of the GHZ SLOCC class has eight different cases which are depend on the ASCs.
The number of entanglement classes in stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) classifications increases with the number of qubits and is already infinite for four qubits. Criteria for explicitly discriminating and classifying pure states of four and more qubits are highly desirable and therefore at the focus of intense theoretical research. We develop a general criterion for the discrimination of pure $N\text{\ensuremath{-}}$partite entangled states in terms of polynomial $\mathrm{SL}(d,\mathrm{C}){}^{\ensuremath{\bigotimes}N}$ invariants. By means of this criterion, existing SLOCC classifications of four-qubit entanglement are reproduced. Based on this we propose a polynomial classification scheme in which entanglement types are identified through ``tangle patterns.'' This scheme provides a practicable way to classify states of arbitrary multipartite systems. Moreover, the use of polynomials induces a corresponding quantification of the different types of entanglement.
In 2000, D\"{u}r, Vidal and Cirac indicated that there are infinitely many SLOCC classes for four qubits. Later, Verstraete, Dehaene, and Verschelde proposed nine families of states corresponding to nine different ways of entangling four qubits. And then in 2007 Lamata et al. reported that there are eight true SLOCC entanglement classes of four qubits up to permutations of the qubits. In this paper, we investigate SLOCC classification of the nine families proposed by Verstraete, Dehaene and Verschelde, and distinguish 49 true SLOCC entanglement classes from them.