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arXiv:1611.00594 · Physical Review A

Nondestructive detection of ions using atom-cavity collective strong coupling

Sourav Dutta, S. A. Rangwala

Published Nov 21, 2016• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present a technique, based on atoms coupled to an optical cavity, for nondestructive detection of trapped ions. We demonstrate the vacuum-Rabi splitting (VRS), arising from collective strong coupling of ultracold Rb atoms and a cavity, to change in the presence of trapped $\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{b}}^{+}$ ions. The $\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{b}}^{+}$ ions are optically dark and the Rb atoms are prepared in a dark magneto-optical trap. The VRS is measured on an optically open transition of the initially dark Rb atoms. The measurement itself is fast, nondestructive, and has sufficient fidelity to permit the measurement of the atomic-state-selective ion-atom collision rate. This demonstration illustrates a method based on atom-cavity coupling to measure two-particle interactions generically and nondestructively.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.053841

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The photoassociation (PA) of rubidium dimer (Rb2) in a dark magneto-optic trap (MOT) is studied using atom-cavity collective strong coupling. This allows non-destructive detection of the molecule formation process as well as rapid and repeated interrogation of the atom-molecule system. The vacuum Rabi splitting (VRS) measurements from the bright MOT are carefully calibrated against equivalent measurements with fluorescence. Further loading rates in dark MOT are determined using VRS. This method provides a reliable, fast, and non-destructive detection scheme for ultracold molecules when the atoms are non-fluorescing using the free atoms coupled to a cavity.
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We laser cool rubidium atoms to form a magneto-optical trap, within a Fabry-Perot cavity, and demonstrate strong coupling of the cold atoms to the cavity. The coupling strength is measured using the vacuum Rabi frequency splitting (VRS) of transmitted, cavity-coupled light on atomic resonance. The VRS is measured for two- and three-level atomic systems and the atom-cavity-coupling strength for each system is determined. By allowing the laser-cooled atoms to expand for different times and measuring the corresponding VRS, we determine the number of atoms overlapped with the cavity mode as a function of time. This time-of-flight of atoms from the cavity permits the measurement of the temperature of the laser-cooled atoms. Finally, the need for this technique and its utility is discussed.
We theoretically study nondestructive detection of ultracold molecules, using a Fabry-P\'erot cavity. Specifically, we consider vacuum Rabi splitting where we demonstrate the use of collective strong coupling for detection of molecules with many participating energy levels. We also consider electromagnetically induced transparency and transient response of light for the molecules interacting with a Fabry-P\'erot cavity mode, as a means for nondestructive detection. We identify the parameters required for the detection of molecules in the cavity using electromagnetically induced transparency. The theoretical analysis for these processes is parametrized with realistic values of both the molecule and the cavity. For each process, we quantify the state occupancy of the molecules interacting with the cavity and determine to what extent the population does not change during a detection cycle.
We observe strong collective coupling between an optical cavity and the forbidden spin singlet to triplet optical transition 1S0^{1}S_{0}1S0​ to 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ in an ensemble of 88Sr^{88}\text{Sr}88Sr. Despite the transition being 1000 times weaker than a typical dipole transition, we observe a well-resolved vacuum Rabi splitting. We use the observed vacuum Rabi splitting to make nondestructive measurements of atomic population with the equivalent of projection-noise limited sensitivity between subsequent measurements and with minimal heating [<0.01<0.01<0.01 (photon recoils)/atom]. This technique may be used to enhance the performance of optical lattice clocks by generating entangled states and reducing dead time.