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arXiv:1610.02666 · International Journal of Modern Physics B

Irreversible work versus fidelity susceptibility for infinitesimal quenches

Simone Paganelli, Tony J. G. Apollaro

Published Dec 1, 2016• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We compare the irreversible work produced in an infinitesimal sudden quench of a quantum system at zero temperature with its ground state fidelity susceptibility, giving an explicit relation between the two quantities. We find that the former is proportional to the latter but for an extra term appearing in the irreversible work which includes also contributions from the excited states. We calculate explicitly the two quantities in the case of the quantum Ising chain, showing that at criticality they exhibit different scaling behaviors. The irreversible work, rescaled by square of the quench’s amplitude, exhibits a divergence slower than that of the fidelity susceptibility. As a consequence, the two quantities obey also different finite-size scaling relations.

DOI
10.1142/s0217979217500655

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We compare the irreversible work produced in an infinitesimal sudden quench of a quantum system at zero temperature with its ground state fidelity susceptibility, giving an explicit relation between the two quantities. We find that the former is proportional to the latter but for an extra term appearing in the irreversible work which includes also contributions from the excited states. We calculate explicitly the two quantities in the case of the quantum Ising chain, showing that at criticality they exhibit different scaling behaviors. The irreversible work, rescaled by square of the quench’s amplitude, exhibits a divergence slower than that of the fidelity susceptibility. As a consequence, the two quantities obey also different finite-size scaling relations.
Using the scaling relation of the ground state quantum fidelity, we propose the most generic scaling relations of the irreversible work (the residual energy) of a closed quantum system at absolute zero temperature when one of the parameters of its Hamiltonian is suddenly changed. We consider two extreme limits: the heat susceptibility limit and the thermodynamic limit. It is argued that the irreversible entropy generated for a thermal quench at low enough temperatures when the system is initially in a Gibbs state is likely to show a similar scaling behavior. To illustrate this proposition, we consider zero-temperature and thermal quenches in one-dimensional (1D) and 2D Dirac Hamiltonians where the exact estimation of the irreversible work and the irreversible entropy is possible. Exploiting these exact results, we then establish the following. (i) The irreversible work at zero temperature shows an appropriate scaling in the thermodynamic limit. (ii) The scaling of the irreversible work in the 1D Dirac model at zero temperature shows logarithmic corrections to the scaling, which is a signature of a marginal situation. (iii) Remarkably, the logarithmic corrections do indeed appear in the scaling of the entropy generated if the temperature is low enough while they disappear for high temperatures. For the 2D model, no such logarithmic correction is found to appear.
The emerging field of quantum thermodynamics is contributing important results and insights into archetypal many-body problems, including quantum phase transitions. Still, the question whether out-of-equilibrium quantities, such as fluctuations of work, exhibit critical scaling after a sudden quench in a closed system has remained elusive. Here, we take a novel approach to the problem by studying a quench across an impurity quantum critical point. By performing density matrix renormalization group computations on the two-impurity Kondo model, we are able to establish that the irreversible work produced in a quench exhibits finite-size scaling at quantum criticality. This scaling faithfully predicts the equilibrium critical exponents for the crossover length and the order parameter of the model, and, moreover, implies an exponent for the rescaled irreversible work. By connecting the irreversible work to the two-impurity spin correlation function, our findings can be tested experimentally.
The behavior of the ground-state fidelity susceptibility in the vicinity of a quantum critical point is investigated. We derive scaling relations describing its singular behavior in the quantum critical regime. Unlike in previous studies, these relations are solely expressed in terms of conventional critical exponents. We also describe in detail a quantum Monte Carlo scheme that allows for the evaluation of the fidelity susceptibility for a large class of many-body systems and apply it in the study of the quantum phase transition for the transverse-field Ising model on the square lattice. Finite-size analysis applied to the so-obtained numerical results confirms the validity of our scaling relations. Furthermore, we analyze the properties of a closely related quantity, the ground-state energy's second derivative, which can be numerically evaluated in a particularly efficient way. The usefulness of both quantities as alternative indicators of quantum criticality is examined.
We study the dynamical response of a system to a sudden change of the tuning parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ starting (or ending) at the quantum critical point. In particular, we analyze the scaling of the excitation probability, number of excited quasiparticles, heat and entropy with the quench amplitude, and the system size. We extend the analysis to quenches with arbitrary power law dependence on time of the tuning parameter, showing a close connection between the scaling behavior of these quantities with the singularities of the adiabatic susceptibilities of order mmm at the quantum critical point, where mmm is related to the power of the quench. Precisely for sudden quenches, the relevant susceptibility of the second order coincides with the fidelity susceptibility. We discuss the generalization of the scaling laws to the finite-temperature quenches and show that the statistics of the low-energy excitations becomes important. We illustrate the relevance of those results for cold-atom experiments.
In this paper, we extend the studies on the emergent thermodynamics in a quenched quantum Ising chain (QIC) [R. Dorner, J. Goold, C. Cormick, M. Paternostro, and V. Vedral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 160601 (2012)] to a more general quantum spin chain with asymmetrical excitation spectra. We verify that the Jarzynski and Tasaki-Crooks relations are still tenable in this system. As an example, we discuss the behaviors of the work done and irreversible entropy production induced by a sudden quenching in the anisotropic XY chain in a transverse field with the XZY-YZX type of three-site interactions. Different from the QIC, this system has the phase transitions not only between two gapped phases, but also between gapped (or gapless) and gapless phases at zero temperature. We discuss the effects of quantum phase transitions on the work done and irreversible entropy production at low temperature.
Quantum critical points of many-body systems can be characterized by studying response of the ground-state wave function to the change of the external parameter, encoded in the ground-state fidelity susceptibility. This quantity characterizes the quench dynamics induced by sudden change of the parameter. In this framework, I analyze scaling relations concerning the probability of excitation and the excitation energy, with the quench amplitude of this parameter. These results are illustrated in the case of one-dimensional sine-Gordon model.