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arXiv:1610.00462 · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Deep Learning the Quantum Phase Transitions in Random Two-Dimensional Electron Systems

Tomoki Ohtsuki, Tomi Ohtsuki

Published Nov 18, 2016• 131 citations
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Abstract

Random electron systems show rich phases such as Anderson insulator, diffusive metal, quantum and anomalous quantum Hall insulator, Weyl semimetal, as well as strong/weak topological insulators. Eigenfunctions of each matter phase have specific features, but due to the random nature of systems, judging the matter phase from eigenfunctions is difficult. Here we propose the deep learning algorithm to capture the features of eigenfunctions. Localization-delocalization transition as well as disordered Chern insulator-Anderson insulator transition is discussed.

DOI
10.7566/jpsj.85.123706

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Quantum material phases such as the Anderson insulator, diffusive metal, and Weyl/Dirac semimetal as well as topological insulators show specific wave functions both in real and Fourier spaces. These features are well captured by convolutional neural networks, and the phase diagrams have been obtained, where standard methods are not applicable. One of these examples is the cases of random lattices such as quantum percolation. Here, we study the topological insulators with random vacancies, namely, the quantum percolation in topological insulators, by analyzing the wave functions via a convolutional neural network. The vacancies in topological insulators are especially interesting since peculiar bound states are formed around the vacancies. We show that only a few percent of vacancies are required for a topological phase transition. The results are confirmed by independent calculations of localization length, density of states, and wave packet dynamics.
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The interplay between strong Coulomb interactions and randomness has been a long-standing problem in condensed matter physics. According to the scaling theory of localization in two-dimensional systems of non-interacting or weakly interacting electrons, the ever-present randomness causes the resistance to rise as the temperature is decreased, leading to an insulating ground state. However, new evidence has emerged within the past decade indicating a transition from the insulating to metallic phase in two-dimensional systems of strongly interacting electrons. We review earlier experiments that demonstrate the unexpected presence of a metallic phase in two dimensions, and present an overview of recent experiments with emphasis on the anomalous magnetic properties that have been observed in the vicinity of the transition.
We study one-dimensional disordered fermions that either undergo metal-insulator transitions or topological phase transitions to become trivial Anderson insulators. We focus on using entanglement to elucidate how the spatial, momentum, and internal degrees of freedom of fermions are affected by the presence of disorder in such cases. We develop entanglement tools that reveal the existence of metallic states in the presence of disorder and further show clear signatures of the corresponding localization transition even in the presence of interactions. In systems where the internal degrees of freedom are coupled with the motion of the electrons, topological phases develop. We subject a topological insulator model to different types of disorder and discuss how the topological aspects of the system can be captured through entanglement, even at strong disorder.