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arXiv:1607.05796 · Nuclear Physics B

Solution of the classical Yang–Baxter equation with an exotic symmetry, and integrability of a multi-species boson tunnelling model

Jon Links

Published Jan 10, 2017• 30 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Solutions of the classical Yang–Baxter equation provide a systematic method to construct integrable quantum systems in an algebraic manner. A Lie algebra can be associated with any solution of the classical Yang–Baxter equation, from which commuting transfer matrices may be constructed. This procedure is reviewed, specifically for solutions without skew-symmetry. A particular solution with an exotic symmetry is identified, which is not obtained as a limiting expansion of the usual Yang–Baxter equation. This solution facilitates the construction of commuting transfer matrices which will be used to establish the integrability of a multi-species boson tunnelling model. The model generalises the well-known two-site Bose–Hubbard model, to which it reduces in the one-species limit. Due to the lack of an apparent reference state, application of the algebraic Bethe Ansatz to solve the model is prohibitive. Instead, the Bethe Ansatz solution is obtained by the use of operator identities and tensor product decompositions.

DOI
10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2017.01.005

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Solutions of the classical Yang–Baxter equation provide a systematic method to construct integrable quantum systems in an algebraic manner. A Lie algebra can be associated with any solution of the classical Yang–Baxter equation, from which commuting transfer matrices may be constructed. This procedure is reviewed, specifically for solutions without skew-symmetry. A particular solution with an exotic symmetry is identified, which is not obtained as a limiting expansion of the usual Yang–Baxter equation. This solution facilitates the construction of commuting transfer matrices which will be used to establish the integrability of a multi-species boson tunnelling model. The model generalises the well-known two-site Bose–Hubbard model, to which it reduces in the one-species limit. Due to the lack of an apparent reference state, application of the algebraic Bethe Ansatz to solve the model is prohibitive. Instead, the Bethe Ansatz solution is obtained by the use of operator identities and tensor product decompositions.
A crash course on the Yang–Baxter equation and its applications in the statistical mechanics of lattice vertex models is presented. Using the simple example of a one-dimensional lattice gas, the basic terminology and standard mathematical procedures of statistical mechanics are illustrated. The coproduct notation is introduced via a discussion of the two-dimensional dimer model, and the transfer matrix formulation is elaborated further. The algebraic Bethe Ansatz (ABA) is introduced in the context of the ice model, leading to the Yang–Baxter equations. The motivation for introducing the ABA is developed, emphasizing the similarity to the quantum oscillator problem, in features such as the generation of “excited states”, and the determination of the eigenvalue spectrum. Finally, these methods from the theory of lattice models are applied to the case of a quantum many-body problem, the Heisenberg chain. From the condition that the monodromy matrices satisfy the Yang–Baxter equation, a complete set of mutually commuting operators is derived, and the Heisenberg chain problem is completely solved.PACS Nos.: 02.20.Uw, 24.10.Cn, 87.10.Hk, 05.20.–y
Functional equations methods are a fundamental part of the theory of Exactly Solvable Models in Statistical Mechanics and they are intimately connected with Baxter's concept of commuting transfer matrices. This concept has culminated in the celebrated Yang-Baxter equation which plays a fundamental role for the construction of quantum integrable systems and also for obtaining their exact solution. Here I shall discuss a proposal that has been put forward in the past years, in which the Yang-Baxter algebra is viewed as a source of functional equations describing quantities of physical interest. For instance, this method has been successfully applied for the description of the spectrum of open spin chains, partition functions of elliptic models with domain wall boundaries and scalar product of Bethe vectors. Further applications of this method are also discussed.
<!-- *** Custom HTML *** --> The Yang–Baxter algebras (YBA) are introduced and formulated in a general way stressing graphical methods. Their various physical applications are then exposed: lattice statistical models, integrable field theories and factorizable S-matrices. The Bethe Ansatz (BA) and its generalizations provide the explicit solutions of all these models using the appropiate YBA. The six-vertex model solution is exposed. YB algebras and their associated physical models are classified in terms of simple Lie algebras. It is exposed how these lattice models yield both solvable massive QFT and conformal models in appropiated scaling (continuous) limits within the lattice light-cone approach. The method of finite-size calculations from the BA is exposed as well as its applications to derive the conformal properties of integrable lattice models. It is conjectured that all integrable QFT and conformal models follow in a scaling limit from these YB algebras. To conclude braid and quantum groups are derived from the YBA in the limit of infinite spectral parameter.
We introduce an integrable, four-well ring model for bosons where the tunneling couplings between nearest-neighbour wells are not restricted to be equal. We show how the model may be derived through the quantum inverse scattering method from a solution of the Yang–Baxter equation, and in turn solved by algebraic Bethe ansatz means. The model admits multiple pseudovacuum states. Numerical evidence is provided to indicate that all pseudovacua are required to obtain a complete set of Bethe eigenstates. The model has the notable property that there is a class of eigenstates which admit a simple, closed-form energy expression.
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Functional equations methods are a fundamental part of the theory of Exactly Solvable Models in Statistical Mechanics and they are inti-mately connected with Baxter’s concept of commuting transfer matri-ces. This concept has culminated in the celebrated Yang-Baxter equa-tion which plays a fundamental role for the construction of quantum integrable systems and also for obtaining their exact solution. Here I shall discuss a proposal that has been put forward in the past years, in which the Yang-Baxter algebra is viewed as a source of functional equations describing quantities of physical interest. For instance, this method has been successfully applied for the description of the spec-trum of open spin chains, partition functions of elliptic models with domain wall boundaries and scalar product of Bethe vectors. Further applications of this method are also discussed.