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Canadian Journal of Physics

A first course in the Yang–Baxter equation

D Karanth, D Richmond, Jeffrey Robert Schmidt

Published Oct 1, 2008• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A crash course on the Yang–Baxter equation and its applications in the statistical mechanics of lattice vertex models is presented. Using the simple example of a one-dimensional lattice gas, the basic terminology and standard mathematical procedures of statistical mechanics are illustrated. The coproduct notation is introduced via a discussion of the two-dimensional dimer model, and the transfer matrix formulation is elaborated further. The algebraic Bethe Ansatz (ABA) is introduced in the context of the ice model, leading to the Yang–Baxter equations. The motivation for introducing the ABA is developed, emphasizing the similarity to the quantum oscillator problem, in features such as the generation of “excited states”, and the determination of the eigenvalue spectrum. Finally, these methods from the theory of lattice models are applied to the case of a quantum many-body problem, the Heisenberg chain. From the condition that the monodromy matrices satisfy the Yang–Baxter equation, a complete set of mutually commuting operators is derived, and the Heisenberg chain problem is completely solved.PACS Nos.: 02.20.Uw, 24.10.Cn, 87.10.Hk, 05.20.–y

DOI
10.1139/p08-059

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A crash course on the Yang–Baxter equation and its applications in the statistical mechanics of lattice vertex models is presented. Using the simple example of a one-dimensional lattice gas, the basic terminology and standard mathematical procedures of statistical mechanics are illustrated. The coproduct notation is introduced via a discussion of the two-dimensional dimer model, and the transfer matrix formulation is elaborated further. The algebraic Bethe Ansatz (ABA) is introduced in the context of the ice model, leading to the Yang–Baxter equations. The motivation for introducing the ABA is developed, emphasizing the similarity to the quantum oscillator problem, in features such as the generation of “excited states”, and the determination of the eigenvalue spectrum. Finally, these methods from the theory of lattice models are applied to the case of a quantum many-body problem, the Heisenberg chain. From the condition that the monodromy matrices satisfy the Yang–Baxter equation, a complete set of mutually commuting operators is derived, and the Heisenberg chain problem is completely solved.PACS Nos.: 02.20.Uw, 24.10.Cn, 87.10.Hk, 05.20.–y
The algebraic Bethe Ansatz is carried out for models (dimer models on a hexagonal lattice) whose matrix of local Boltzmann weights fails to satisfy the Yang–Baxter equation. The operator algebra is constructed instead by a generalizable alternative process using only the coproduct decomposition of the operators. The new technique makes it possible to solve many lattice N-body models whose local Boltzmann weights fail to meet the algebraic requirements of the Yang–Baxter equation.PACS Nos.: 02.20.Uw, 24.10.Cn, 87.10.Hk, 05.20.–y
The simple Bethe Ansatz is illustrated step by step in great detail for a variety of many-body quantum problems and lattice models. The focus is on a constructive presentation in which the problems of determining the spectral conditions and full wave functions are completely and transparently solved for the cases of the isotropic Heisenberg chain, N bosons or spin ħ/2 fermions with δ-function interactions, the XX-Heisenberg chain, and the six-vertex model. PACS Nos.: 05.50.+q, 05.30.Fk, 03.65.Fd, 75.10.Hk, 71.10.Fd
Some features of integrable lattice models are reviewed for the case of the six-vertex model.By the Bethe ansatz method we derive the free energy of the six-vertex model.Then, from the expression of the free energy we show analytically the critical singularity near the phase transition in the anti-ferroelectric regime, where the essential singularity similar to the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition appears.We discuss the connection of the six-vertex model to the conformal field theory with c = 1.We also introduce various exactly solvable models defined on two-dimensional lattices such as the chiral Potts model and the IRF models.We show that the six-vertex model has rich mathematical structures such as the quantum groups and the braid group.The graphical approach is emphasized in this review.We explain the meaning of the Yang-Baxter equation by its diagram.Furthermore, we can understand the defining relation of the algebraic Bethe ansatz by the graphical representation.We can thus easily translate formulas of the algebraic Bethe ansatz into those of the statistical models.As an illustration, we show explicitly how we can derive Baxter's expressions from those of the algebraic Bethe ansatz.
Some features of integrable lattice models are reviewed for the case of the six-vertex model. By the Bethe ansatz method we derive the free energy of the six-vertex model. Then, from the expression of the free energy we show analytically the critical singularity near the phase transition in the anti-ferroelectric regime, where the essential singularity similar to the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition appears. We discuss the connection of the six-vertex model to the conformal field theory with c=1. We also introduce various exactly solvable models defined on two-dimensional lattices such as the chiral Potts model and the IRF models. We show that the six-vertex model has rich mathematical structures such as the quantum groups and the braid group. The graphical approach is emphasized in this review. We explain the meaning of the Yang-Baxter equation by its diagram. Furthermore, we can understand the defining relation of the algebraic Bethe ansatz by the graphical representation. We can thus easily translate formulas of the algebraic Bethe ansatz into those of the statistical models. As an illustration, we show explicitly how we can derive Baxter's expressions from those of the algebraic Bethe ansatz.
A generalization of the Yang-Baxter algebra is found in quantizing the monodromy matrix of two (m)KdV equations discretized on a space lattice. This braided Yang-Baxter equation still ensures that the transfer matrix generates operators in involution which form the Cartan sub-algebra of the braided quantum group. Representations diagonalizing these operators are described through relying on an easy generalization of Algebraic Bethe Ansatz techniques. The conjecture that this monodromy matrix algebra leads, in the cylinder continuum limit, to a Perturbed Minimal Conformal Field Theory description is analysed and supported. b ∗
Some features of integrable lattice models are reviewed for the case of the six-vertex model.By the Bethe ansatz method we derive the free energy of the six-vertex model.Then, from the expression of the free energy we show analytically the critical singularity near the phase transition in the anti-ferroelectric regime, where the essential singularity similar to the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition appears.We discuss the connection of the six-vertex model to the conformal field theory with c = 1.We also introduce various exactly solvable models defined on two-dimensional lattices such as the chiral Potts model and the IRF models.We show that the six-vertex model has rich mathematical structures such as the quantum groups and the braid group.The graphical approach is emphasized in this review.We explain the meaning of the Yang-Baxter equation by its diagram.Furthermore, we can understand the defining relation of the algebraic Bethe ansatz by the graphical representation.We can thus easily translate formulas of the algebraic Bethe ansatz into those of the statistical models.As an illustration, we show explicitly how we can derive Baxter's expressions from those of the algebraic Bethe ansatz.