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arXiv:1605.08921 · Optics Letters

Nanofiber-segment ring resonator

Daniel E. Jones, Garrett Hickman, J. D. Franson, T. B. Pittman

Published Jul 29, 2016• 15 citations
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Abstract

We describe a fiber ring resonator comprised of a relatively long loop of standard single-mode fiber with a short nanofiber segment. The evanescent mode of the nanofiber segment allows the cavity-enhanced field to interact with atoms in close proximity to the nanofiber surface. We report on an experiment using a warm atomic vapor and low-finesse cavity, and briefly discuss the potential for reaching the strong coupling regime of cavity QED by using trapped atoms and a high-finesse cavity of this kind.

DOI
10.1364/ol.41.003683

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We describe a fiber ring resonator comprised of a relatively long loop of standard single-mode fiber with a short nanofiber segment. The evanescent mode of the nanofiber segment allows the cavity-enhanced field to interact with atoms in close proximity to the nanofiber surface. We report on an experiment using a warm atomic vapor and low-finesse cavity, and briefly discuss the potential for reaching the strong coupling regime of cavity QED by using trapped atoms and a high-finesse cavity of this kind.
We experimentally realize an optical fiber ring resonator that includes a tapered section with a subwavelength-diameter waist. In this section, the guided light exhibits a significant evanescent field which allows for efficient interfacing with optical emitters. A commercial tunable fiber beam splitter provides simple and robust coupling to the resonator. Key parameters of the resonator such as the out-coupling rate, free spectral range, and birefringence can be adjusted. Thanks to the low taper- and coupling-losses, the resonator exhibits an unloaded finesse of F=75±1, sufficient for reaching the regime of strong coupling for emitters placed in the evanescent field. The system is ideally suited for trapping ensembles of laser-cooled atoms along the nanofiber section. Based on measured parameters, we estimate that the system can serve as a platform for optical multimode strong coupling experiments. Finally, we discuss the possibilities of using the resonator for applications based on chiral quantum optics.
Optical nanofibers provide a versatile platform for exploring strong light-matter interactions at the single-quantum level, a central goal of quantum optics. Their subwavelength diameter supports tightly confined guided modes with strong evanescent fields, enabling efficient coupling between photons and nearby atoms. By incorporating fiber Bragg gratings, nanofibers can form fully fiber-integrated high-finesse cavities, combining strong atom-photon coupling with efficient and low-loss optical input-output interfacing in the setting of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). In parallel, nanofiber systems naturally realize waveguide QED, where atoms interact strongly with propagating photons in a one-dimensional geometry. In this review, we introduce the underlying physical principles, summarize key experimental techniques and representative phenomena, and discuss prospects for applications in quantum information processing, quantum networks, and related quantum technologies.
Systems allowing controllable photon-atom interactions are becoming increasingly important for quantum communication applications. One promising platform involves the interaction of the tightly-confined evanescent mode of an optical nanofiber with surrounding atoms. This dissertation will overview our work on the interaction of nanofiber-guided light with a warm rubidium vapor. In comparison to related work with cold atom clouds or trapped atoms, the "warm atom-nanofiber" system is fairly robust but operates in a regime where motional effects of the atoms are significant. We will first discuss a detailed study of saturated absorption in this system, with an emphasis on the role of motional effects in hyperfine pumping rates and various line broadening mechanisms. The power needed to saturate the system is essentially a measure of the system?s capability to enable nonlinear optical interactions of the kind that are needed for quantum communication applications, and we observe remarkably ultralow saturation powers of 10?s of nW (corresponding to only ?10 photons passing through the nanofiber at a given time). We then utilize this strong nonlinearity to demonstrate 3-level ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and all-optical modulation with ultralow control-field powers on the order of only a few ?W. Finally, we discuss a novel nanofiber-segment nonlinear ring resonator comprised of a large loop of conventional single-mode fiber with a short nanofiber segment surrounded by a warm rubidium vapor. In this device, the cavity enhanced evanescent field of the nanofiber enables even stronger photon-atom interactions.
We report the fabrication of a 1.2 cm long cavity directly on a nanofiber using femtosecond laser ablation. The cavity modes with finesse values in the range of 200-400 can enable the "strong-coupling" regime of cavity QED, with high cooperativity of 10-20, for a single atom trapped 200 nm away from the fiber surface [Phys. Rev. A80, 053826 (2009)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.80.053826]. Such cavity modes can still maintain the transmission between 40%-60%, suggesting a one-pass intracavity transmission of 99.53%. Other cavity modes, which can enable cooperativity in the range of 3-10, show transmission over 60%-85% and are suitable for fiber-based single-photon sources and quantum nonlinear optics in the "Purcell" regime.
We experimentally demonstrate a ring geometry all-fiber cavity system for cavity quantum electrodynamics with an ensemble of cold atoms. The fiber cavity contains a nanofiber section which mediates atom-light interactions through an evanescent field. We observe well-resolved, vacuum Rabi splitting of the cavity transmission spectrum in the weak driving limit due to a collective enhancement of the coupling rate by the ensemble of atoms within the evanescent field, and we present a simple theoretical model to describe this. In addition, we demonstrate a method to control and stabilize the resonant frequency of the cavity by utilizing the thermal properties of the nanofiber.