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arXiv:1604.05900 · Annals of Physics

Thermal and quantum fluctuations of confined Bose–Einstein condensate beyond the Bogoliubov approximation

Y. Nakamura, T. Kawaguchi, Y. Torii, Y. Yamanaka

Published Dec 9, 2016• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1016/j.aop.2016.12.020

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We explore the topological transformation of quasi-2D Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute atomic gases, and changes in the collective modes as the confining potential is modified from rotationally symmetric multiply connected to multiply connected with broken rotational symmetry and ultimately to a simply connected geometry. In particular, we show that the condensate density, and the non-condensate density arising from the quantum fluctuations, follow the transition in the geometry of the confining potential. The non-condensate density arising from the thermal fluctuations, in contrast, remain multiply connected when the thermal energy exceeds the maximum value in the basin of the confining potential. Otherwise, both the condensate and non-condensate densities become simply connected. The topology of the non-condensate densities is determined by the thermal energy, the repulsive interaction energy between atoms, and the trapping potential energy. In particular, the origin of the difference lies in the structure of the low-energy collective modes, which we examine using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov formalism. We then use the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory with the Popov approximation to investigate the density and the momentum distribution associated with the thermal fluctuations.
Abstract We explore the topological transformation of quasi-2D Bose–Einstein condensates of dilute atomic gases, and changes in the collective modes as the confining potential is modified from rotationally symmetric multiply connected to multiply connected with broken rotational symmetry and ultimately to a simply connected geometry. In particular, we show that the condensate density, and the non-condensate density arising from the quantum fluctuations, follow the transition in the geometry of the confining potential. The non-condensate density arising from the thermal fluctuations, in contrast, remain multiply connected when the thermal energy exceeds the maximum value in the basin of the confining potential. Otherwise, both the condensate and non-condensate densities become simply connected. The topology of the non-condensate densities is determined by the thermal energy, the repulsive interaction energy between atoms, and the trapping potential energy. In particular, the origin of the difference lies in the structure of the low-energy collective modes, which we examine using the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov formalism. We then use the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov theory with the Popov approximation to investigate the density and the momentum distribution associated with the thermal fluctuations.
Corrections to the zero-temperature Thomas-Fermi description of a dilute interacting condensed Bose-Einstein gas confined in an isotropic harmonic trap arise due to the presence of a boundary layer near the condensate surface. Within the Bogoliubov approximation, the various contributions to the ground-state condensate energy all have terms of order ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\mathrm{ln}R$ and ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}4},$ where R is the number-dependent dimensionless condensate radius in units of the oscillator length $\sqrt{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}/m{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}}.$ The zero-order hydrodynamic density-fluctuation amplitudes are extended beyond the Thomas-Fermi radius through the boundary layer to provide a uniform description throughout all space. The first-order correction to the excitation frequencies is shown to be of order ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}4}.$