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arXiv:1603.03262 · Journal of Mathematical Sciences

On the Ring of Local Unitary Invariants for Mixed X-States of Two Qubits

Vladimir P. Gerdt, A. Khvedelidze, Yu. G. Palii

Published May 28, 2017• 3 citations
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Abstract

Entangling properties of a mixed two-qubit system can be described by local homogeneous unitary invariant polynomials in the elements of the density matrix. The structure of the corresponding ring of invariant polynomials for a special subclass of states, the so-called mixed X-states, is established. It is shown that for the X-states there is an injective ring homomorphism of the quotient ring of SU(2)×SU(2)-invariant polynomials modulo its syzygy ideal to the SO(2) × SO(2)-invariant ring freely generated by five homogeneous polynomials of degrees 1, 1, 1, 2, 2.

DOI
10.1007/s10958-017-3409-1

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Entangling properties of a mixed two-qubit system can be described by local homogeneous unitary invariant polynomials in the elements of the density matrix. The structure of the corresponding ring of invariant polynomials for a special subclass of states, the so-called mixed X-states, is established. It is shown that for the X-states there is an injective ring homomorphism of the quotient ring of SU(2)×SU(2)-invariant polynomials modulo its syzygy ideal to the SO(2) × SO(2)-invariant ring freely generated by five homogeneous polynomials of degrees 1, 1, 1, 2, 2.
The local invariants of a mixed two-qubit system are discussed. These invariants are polynomials in the elements of the corresponding density matrix. They are counted by means of group-theoretic branching rules which relate this problem to one arising in spin-isospin nuclear shell models. The corresponding Molien series and a refinement in the form of a 4-parameter generating function are determined. A graphical approach is then used to construct explicitly a fundamental set of 21 invariants. Relations between them are found in the form of syzygies. By using these, the structure of the ring of local invariants is determined, and complete sets of primary and secondary invariants are identified: there are 10 of the former and 15 of the latter.
Local unitary equivalence serves as the cornerstone for classifying entanglement in bipartite quantum systems. Mathematically, it reduces to the study of polynomial invariants of the density matrix under the action of local unitary groups. The collection of all such polynomial invariants forms a ring, known as the invariant ring. However, identifying the complete generators of the invariant ring is the central issue. In 2007, for the two-qubit system, King et al fully characterized the structure of the invariant ring and determined its Cohen--Macaulay decomposition. In this paper, we revisit their work, with a focus on the computation of the Molien series and the construction of invariants. On one hand, we rigorously derive the Molien series via explicit contour integration over the maximal torus, filling in all previously omitted computational steps. On the other hand, we systematically construct all invariants using a graphical method, and then reduce the candidate set by applying various identities and algebraic relations, obtaining a generating set consisting of 21 invariants. This paper aims to make this important result more widely accessible to researchers in quantum information and invariant theory through the above discussions.
We show that two density operators of mixed quantum states are in the same local unitary orbit if and only if they agree on polynomial invariants in a certain Noetherian ring for which degree bounds are known in the literature.This implicitly gives a finite complete set of invariants for local unitary equivalence.This is done by showing that local unitary equivalence of density operators is equivalent to local GL equivalence and then using techniques from algebraic geometry and geometric invariant theory.We also classify the SLOCC polynomial invariants and give a degree bound for generators of the invariant ring in the case of n-qubit pure states.Of course it is well known that polynomial invariants are not a complete set of invariants for SLOCC.
In the present paper few steps are undertaken towards the description of the qubit-qutrit pair - quantum bipartite system composed of two and three level subsystems. The computational difficulties with the construction of the local unitary polynomial invariants are discussed. Calculations of the Molien functions and Poincare series for the qubit-qubit and qubit-qutrit local unitary invariants are outlined and compared with the known results. The requirement of positive semi-definiteness of the density operator is formulated explicitly as a set of inequalities in five Casimir invariants of the algebra su(6).
We study the structure of the inverse limit of the graded algebras of local unitary invariant polynomials using its Hilbert series. For k subsystems, we show that the inverse limit is a free algebra and the number of algebraically independent generators with homogenous degree 2 m equals the number of conjugacy classes of index m subgroups in a free group on k − 1 generators. Similarly, we show that the inverse limit in the case of k -partite mixed state invariants is free and the number of algebraically independent generators with homogenous degree m equals the number of conjugacy classes of index m subgroups in a free group on k generators. The two statements are shown to be equivalent. To illustrate the equivalence, using the representation theory of the unitary groups, we obtain all invariants in the m = 2 graded parts and express them in a simple form both in the case of mixed and pure states. The transformation between the two forms is also derived. Analogous invariants of higher degree are also introduced.